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Reproduction and inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

What does the nucleus of a cell contain?

A

Chromosomes

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2
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

Long lengths of DNA coiled up

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3
Q

What’s a gene?

A

Short section of DNA

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4
Q

What are human body cells?

A

Diploid

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5
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

2 copies of each chromosome arranged in pairs.

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6
Q

What’s the diploid number (number of chromosomes) in humans?

A

46

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7
Q

What do genes do?

A

Chemical instructions which control our inherited characteristics

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8
Q

What’s an allele?

A

Different versions of the same gene

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9
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

Double Helix

Has complementary base pairing, Adenine to Thymine, and Cytosine to Guanine

Type of nucleic acid

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10
Q

What’s asexual reproduction?

A

involves one parent, offspring have identical genes to the parent, so there’s no variation

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11
Q

What is mitosis?

A

When a cell reproduces genetically identical cells, by splitting to form 2 cells with identical sets of chromosomes

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12
Q

Describe the process of Mitosis?

A

DNA duplicates

DNA forms X shaped chromosomes, each arm is an exact duplicate of the other

Chromosomes line up and cell fibres pull them apart, two arms go to each opposite side

Membranes form around the sets of new chromosomes, making nuclei

Creating 2 new genetically identical cells

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13
Q

What mitosis also be used for?

A

Making new cells for growth and repair

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14
Q

What’s sexual reproduction?

A

The fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote. Because there are 2 parents the offspring contain a mixture of their parent’s genes

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15
Q

What’s a zygote

A

Fertilised egg

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16
Q

What are gametes?

A

Haploid

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17
Q

How many chromosomes are in a haploid gamete?

A

23

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18
Q

What’s meiosis?

A

Produces 4 haploid cells whose chromosomes aren’t identical

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19
Q

Describe the process of meiosis?

A

Duplicates DNA
Chromosomes line up in pairs at the centre of the cell
Pulled apart so each new cell will have some of fathers chromosomes and mothers
Chromosomes line up again, arms are pulled apart, creating 4 haploid cells

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20
Q

The structure of the flower?

A

P54

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21
Q

What’s the Stamen?

A

Male reproductive part of the plant

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22
Q

What’s part of the Stamen?

A

Anther and filament

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23
Q

What is the anther?

A

Contains pollen grains, which produce male gametes

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24
Q

What is the filament?

A

Stalk which supports anther

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25
What's the Carpel?
Female reproductive part of the flower
26
What's in the Carpel?
Stigma, Style and ovary
27
What does the Stigma do?
The part in which the pollen grains attach to
28
What does the style do?
Supports the stigma
29
What does the Ovary do?
Contains the female gamete in ovules
30
What's pollination?
Transfer of pollen from stigma to anther, so male gametes can fertilise female gametes in sexual reproduction
31
What's cross pollination?
When the pollen is transferred from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another, this relys on insects or wind
32
How are plants adapted for wind pollination?
Brightly coloured petals to attract insects Scented to attract insects Big sticky pollen grains to attach to insects Stigma is sticky to receive pollen
33
How are plants adapted for wind pollination?
Light pollen to be carried away by wind Long filaments to expose pollen to the wind Large feathery Stigma to catch pollen
34
What's fertilisation?
When 2 nuclei fuse together to form a zygote, this divides by mitosis to form an embryo
35
Describe fertilisation in a plant?
Pollen grain lands on stigma Pollen tube grows out of pollen grain through the style, to the ovary and into the ovule A nucleus from the male gamete moves down the tube to fertilise with the female gamete Each fertilised female gamete forms a seed, the ovary develops into a fruit around the seeds
36
What's germination?
When a seed starts to grow
37
What are the right conditions for germination?
Water- to activate enzymes that break down food reservoirs Oxygen- for respiration to grow Suitable temperature- for the enzymes to work
38
How does a germinating seed get energy from it's food stores?
Gets glucose from it's food stores for respiration | Once it's grown enough it can get it's own energy by having leaves for photosynthesis
39
How can plants reproduce asexually using natural methods?
Runners (fast growing stems), take root somewhere and form clones
40
How can plants be reproduced artificially?
Take cuttings from one plant, and plant them somewhere else
41
What's sperm?
Male gametes, formed in the testes after puberty, mixed with liquid to form semen and are ejaculated from the penis into the vagina in sexual reproduction
42
What's the structure of the male reproductive system?
P57
43
What's the urethra?
Urine and semen passes through it
44
What's erectile tissue?
Swells with blood to make penis erect
45
What are the testis?
Where sperm are made
46
What are the glands?
Produce the liquid which is added to sperm to make semen
47
What's the sperm duct?
Tube that carries the sperm to urethra
48
What's the scrotum?
Contains the testes
49
Structure female reproductive system?
P 57
50
What are ova?
Female gametes produced once every 28 days from the one of the 2 ovaries
51
Describe the journey of an ovum?
Released from an ovary Passes through the Fallopian tube where it could meet sperm If not fertilised by sperm, it will break up and pass out of the vagina If fertilised, the ovum will start to divide, the new cells which travel to uterus and attach to endometrium and turn into an embryo
52
What's the fallopian tube?
Tube which carries ovum from ovaries to uterus
53
What's the ovary?
Produces ova and sex hormones
54
What's the endometrium?
Location for implantation of an embryo, has a good blood supply
55
What's the uterus?
Where an embryo grows
56
What's the vagina?
Where the sperm are deposited
57
What's the cervix?
The neck of the vagina
58
What does oestrogen in women cause?
Pubic/underarm hair Hips widen Development of breasts Ovum release and start of periods
59
What does testosterone in men cause?
``` Hair on face and body Muscles develop Penis and testis enlarge Sperm production Voice deepens ```
60
What's stage 1 in the menstrual cycle?
Uterus lining breaks down causing bleeding (4 days)
61
What's stage 2 in the menstrual cycle?
Uterus builds up ready to receive an egg ( 4-14 days)
62
What's stage 3 in the menstrual cycle?
An ovum is developed and released (day 14)
63
What's stage 4 in the menstrual cycle?
Uterus wall is maintained and breaks down if no fertilised ovum lands (14-28)
64
What does Oestrogen do?
Causes lining of uterus to thicken and grow | Stimulates the release of an ovum at day 14
65
What does progesterone do?
Maintains the lining of the uterus
66
What does the Placenta do for the embryo?
Good blood flow and very close blood channels, allows food, oxygen and waste to be transferred
67
What does the amniotic fluid do for the embryo?
Fluid protects embryo from bumps
68
What's an allele?
A different version of a gene
69
How many alleles are in a gene?
2
70
What's do alleles show?
Characteristics
71
What's a dominant allele?
Will act over the recessive allele (capital letters)
72
What's a recessive allele?
Will only show if both alleles are recessive (little letters)
73
What does homozygous for a trait mean?
Both alleles are the same eg. RR or rr
74
What does it mean if your heterozygous for a trait?
Both alleles are different eg. Rr
75
What's a genotype?
The genes alleles you have
76
What's a phenotype?
The characteristics an allele produces
77
How to work out possible alleles of offspring?
Punnet squares
78
What do your chromosomes determine?
Your gender, (by the 23rd pair)
79
What chromosome do all men have?
XY
80
What chromosome do all women have?
XX
81
What the chance of having a boy or girl?
50:50
82
What's genetic variation caused by?
Genes
83
What's variation in animals down to?
Genes and environment
84
What environmental variation is there in plants?
Sunlight Moisture level Temperature Mineral content of soil
85
What's the theory of evolution?
Life began as simple organisms from which more complex organisms evolved
86
What's natural selection?
Survival of the fittest
87
What happens to the best genes for a particular environment?
They survive
88
What are mutations?
Changes in the genetic code, random and rare but can be inherited increasing variation
89
What increases the chances of cell mutation?
Ionising radiation | Chemicals called mutagens
90
Why are mutagens harmful?
If in reproductive cells, kills offspring | Can cause cancer
91
How can mutations be useful?
eg. might make a bacteria cell protected against Antibiotics, these reproduce passing this gene on, these are called superbugs

Biology (12 decks)

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