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Reproductive Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

the reproductive tract does either…

A
  1. houses
  2. transports
    • gamates
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2
Q

how is sex determined in physiology?

A

by which gametes are produced

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3
Q

epididymis

A

where sperm gain capacitance, and exit the testes

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4
Q

vas deferens

A

where sperm are stored

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5
Q

testes

A

site of spermatogenesis

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6
Q

seminal vesicle

A
  • semen source
  • contains fructose
  • prostaglandins
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7
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

lubrication during sex

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8
Q

scrotum

A

temperature regulation (-2C for spermatogenesis)

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9
Q

prostate

A

clotting enzyme, alkaline secretion

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10
Q

penis/urethre

A

for sex act, deposits sperm

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11
Q

ovary

A

site of oogenesis, primary follicle development

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12
Q

fimbria

A

guide ovum into the uterine tube

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13
Q

ovaduct

A
  • aka uterine tube
  • fertilization in the first third
  • peristalsis to move eggs
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14
Q

uterus

A
  • site of implantation
  • site of placental development
  • parturition (giving birth)
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15
Q

vagina

A
  • receptacle for penis
  • site of sperm deposit
  • passage for birth
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16
Q

clitoris

A
  • same embryonic origin as penis
  • allows for arousal
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17
Q

sertoli cells

A
  • provide nutrients, support to developing sperm
  • have fluid to flush sperm
  • androgen binding protein for testosterone
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18
Q

acrosome

A

on the head of sperm
- has enzymes to digest egg protective layer

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19
Q

spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonia
primary spermatocyte (1)
- meiosis I
secondary spermatocyte (2)
- meiosis II
spermatid (4)
- differentiation
spermatozoa (4)

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20
Q

3 unique things about sperm production

A
  1. will continue throughout life as long as there is enough testosterone
  2. equal division of cytoplasm
  3. anatomical progression of development
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21
Q

how long does it take sperm to exit the testes?

A

64 days

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22
Q

prolactin does what for a female after birth?

A

cycles milk production with nursing intervals

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23
Q

the mechanistic process of breast feeding

A

mechanical stimulation (suckling) —–> release of oxytocin —–> “let down response” —–> milk moves from mammary glands to secondary tubules for feeding

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24
Q

how much iron is needed for both the female and the fetus?

Study These Flashcards
A

375mg for the fetus
500mg for the female

25
distribution of female weight gain during pregnancy
7 lbs for the fetus 4 lbs for amniotic fluids/placenta 2 lbs for the uterus 2 lbs for the breast increase 3 lbs for the fat stores 6 lbs of blood
26
how does the fetus invoke contractions?
- fetal membrane releases prostaglandins - stretch receptors in the cervix sense water break
27
how does estrogen prepare the uterus for parturition?
it will synthesize new gap junctions in the uterus for birth to allow for higher contractility
28
the placenta acts as what systems for the fetus?
1. digestive 2. respiratory 3. kidney 4. temporary endocrine - hCG
29
tubal pregnancy
when the fetus implants in the tubes - hemorrhaging will kill the mother - must be aborted to save her life
30
ectopic pregnancy
when the fetus implants in the abdominal cavity - can occur, but very dangerous to carry - SOMETIMES viable
31
syngamy
restoration of full chromosome number
32
how long is an ovum viable for?
24 hours
33
how long is sperm viable for?
48 hours
34
tenting
1. uterus is raised upwards 2. cervix is lifted 3. vagins is enlarges, especially upper 2/3
35
sex flush
nipples become erect and breasts enlarge due to capillary filling
36
orgasm (female)
- no real ejaculation - no refractory period for skeletal muscle contraction - 0.8 sec contractions in the clitoris
37
zona pellucida
protective layer around an ovum
38
ejaculation
- sympathetic stimulation of smooth muscle to bring sperm to the urethra - bladder sphincter contracts - filling of the urethra of sperm triggers skeletal muscle contractions in 0.8 sec intervals at the base of the penis - increased pressure leads to expulsion of sperm and seamen out of the penis
39
how many sperm is considered fertile?
200-400 million
40
what number of sperm is considered infertile?
less than 200 million
41
NO second messenger pathways
NO ---> increases cAMP and cGMP ---> closes down Ca2+ channels ---> causes a decrease in PK, less latch phenomenon ---> causes relaxation and dilation
42
what breaks down cAMP and cGMP?
PDE
43
what medication inhibits PDE?
viagra
44
hCG
human chorionic gonadotropin - from endocrine placenta
45
erection
- caused by the engorgement of blood - sponge like vascular spaces that extend the length of the penis - increase in parasympathetic and decrease in sympathetic at the same time
46
progesterone has negative feedback to what three things?
1. LH 2. FSH 3. anterior pituitary
47
ovulation
estrogen stimulates LH, causing ovulation which in turn causes estrogen to plummet
48
hormonal regulation of a female
hypothalamus ---> GnRH ---> anterior pituitary ---> LH ---> ovary (ovulation) - anterior pituitary ---> FSH ---> stimulates follicle cells to produce estrogen ---> increase in LH
49
oogenesis/fertilization
oogonia -(mitosis in fetal life)-> primary oocyte -(years)-> mature follicle -(meiotic division)-> secondary oocyte -(FSH stimulates to rupture)-> ovulation -(sperm)-> second meiotic division -(1 hr)-> zygote
50
what forms the primary follicle?
granulosa cells
51
inhibin
can negatively act on the anterior pituitary to shut off FSH/LH production
52
male hormonal regulation: testosterone
- negative effect on the hypothalamus - negative effect on anterior pituitary - positive effect on sertoli cells
53
male hormonal regulation: sertoli cells
- release inhibin - positively upregulates spermatogenesis
54
male hormonal regulation: hypothalamus
produced GnRH, which positively stimulates FSH and LH
55
male hormonal regulation: LH
positive upregulation of leydig cells
56
male hormonal regulation: FSH
positive upregulation of sertoli cells
57
sertoli cells
support cells, provide nutrition, secrete fluid to flush sperm, androgen binding proteins for testosterone
58
acrosome
has enzyme to digest egg protective layer

Human Physiology (11 decks)

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