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Human Physiology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

TV

A

tidal volume, normal breathing

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2
Q

IRV

A

inspiratory reserve volume, largest inhale

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3
Q

IC

A

inspiratory capacity, standard lung capacity

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4
Q

ERV

A

expiratory reserve volume, the amount of air you can push out further than your normal breath

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5
Q

RV

A

residual volume, the amount of air that does not leave your lungs, cannot be measured, 1.0 L

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6
Q

FRC

A

functional residual capacity

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7
Q

VC

A

vital capacity, largest possible inhale and exhale

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8
Q

EV

A

forced expiratory volume in one second, should be 80%

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9
Q

tidal volume (TV) equation

A

VC - ERV - IRV

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10
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) equation

A

VC - TV - ERV

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11
Q

inspiratory capacity (IC) equation

A

TV + IRV

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12
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV) equation

A

VC - TV - IRV

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13
Q

functional residual capacity (FRC) equation

A

ERV + RV

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14
Q

vital capacity (VC) equation

A

TV + ERV + IRV

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15
Q

total lung capacity (TLC) equation

A

VC + RV

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16
Q

Va

A

aveolar ventilation (fresh air)

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17
Q

Vd

A

dead space (inspired dead air)

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18
Q

tidal volume (TV) equation II

A

Va + Vd

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19
Q

f

A

ventilation volume/min

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20
Q

Ve

A

total ventilation/min

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21
Q

total ventilation (Ve) equation

A

TV * f

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22
Q

aveolar ventilation (Va) equation

A

f (VT - Vd)

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23
Q

what does age do to spirometry?

A

FEV, can only expel 40%-60% within 1 second

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24
Q

obstructive lung diseases

A

asthma, bronchitis, emphysema

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25
restrictive lung diseases
age, SIDS, pulmonary fibrosis
26
what does asthma/bronchitis do to spirometry?
higher RV, lower VC, and lower ERV
27
what do restrictive lung diseases do to spirometry?
RV normal higher ERV lower IRV lower TLC lower VC
28
what does SIDS do to spirometry?
lower IRV higher ERV lower TLC lower VC lower TV
29
general spirometry changes for restrictive lung diseases
lower TLC lower VC can't inhale efficiently
30
what does exercise do for spirometry?
frequency of TV increases increase in VC
31
what does gender do for spirometry?
generally males have larger lung volume than females
32
general spirometry changes for obstructive lung disease
can't exhale, same TLC
33
carbonic anhydrase shift equation
CO2 + H2O <---> H2CO3 <---> H+ and HCO3-
34
what enzyme cataylizes the shift equation?
carbonic anhydrase
35
what does decreasing the pH do in respiration?
lowers the carrying capacity of O2
36
two components of pulmonary physiology
1. gas exchange 2. gas transport
37
does O2 contribute to partial pressure when bound to hemoglobin?
no
38
O2 solubility in fluids
poor, 0.3mL/100mL
39
hemoglobin
binds four O2 molecules on a heme group
40
what does hemoglobin bind on its polypeptide chains?
CO2
41
how much does hemoglobin weigh?
64 kDa
42
anemia
low iron
43
HbO2
oxyhemoglobin
44
HbCO2
carbinohemoglobin
45
HbCO
carboxyhemoglobin
46
CO binding to hemoglobin
competes for space with O2, stronger affinity for heme group
47
how does hemoglobin decide O2 or CO2?
partial pressure
48
how is O2 transported in the body?
1.5 % physically dissolved 98.5% as HbO2
49
how is CO2 transported in the body?
10% physically dissolved 30% as HbCO2 60% as HCO3-
50
Haldane Effect
reduced hemoglobin has higher affinity for CO2
51
if there is a higher concentration of O2, Hb exhibits...
cooperativity
52
gases will move down its
concentration diffusional gradient
53
erythropoiesis
making more Hb over 3-4 days, higher blood viscosity
54
nitrogen narcosis
depth intoxication
55
at high pp (depth) gases can be _____.
toxic
56
at low pp (altitude) gasses can cause _____, _____, _____, and _____.
sickness, nausea, increased heart rate, and insomnia
57
P50
when 50% of your Hb is saturated, normally 34mmHg
58
dissociation of O2 as you go _______.
down
59
association of O2 as you go _____.
up
60
left Bohr shift
dumping O2 at lower pp (later), retaining O2 longer, and a smaller P50
61
right Bohr shift
dumping O2 sooner, larger P50
62
causes of a right Bohr shift
low pH hypoventilation high pp of CO2 increased temp high 2,3-DPG
63
causes of a left Bohr shift
high pH low pp of CO2 lower temp low 2,3-DPG hyperventilation blood transfusion
64
conducting zone
nasal passages pharynx trachea larynx left/right bronchi bronchioles
65
true respiratory zone
alveoli, only location for true gas exchange
66
Boyle's Law
P1V1 = P2V2 P = 1/V
67
inspiratory muscles
diaphragm, external intercostals
68
what nerve moves the inspiratory muscles?
phrenic nerve
69
forced inhalation recruits
stemocleidomastoid and reses sternum
70
inspiration is an _____ process
active
71
what happens during inspiration?
volume increased pressure decreased air goes down its pressure gradient
72
forced exhalation does what?
pushes diaphragm higher, pulls ribs in tighter, and recruits accessory muscles
73
what happens during expiration?
volume decreased pressure increased air goes down it's pressure gradient
74
type 1 alveolar cells
cover surface area
75
type 2 alveolar cells
make surfactant - allows for easy of opening

Human Physiology (11 decks)

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