Exam 2 Study Questions Flashcards
Contains cranial nerves, spinal cord, and cardiac units. (150 cards)
1
Q
cranial nerve 1
A
olfactory
2
Q
cranial nerve 2
A
optic
3
Q
cranial nerve 3
A
oculomotor: eye muscles, ciliary muscles, iris muscles
4
Q
cranial nerve 4
A
trochlear: superior oblique, extrinsic eye muscle
5
Q
cranial nerve 5
A
trigeminal: sensory, face and head
6
Q
cranial nerve 6
A
abducens: lateral rectus, extrinsic eye muscle
7
Q
cranial nerve 7
A
facial: motor muscles of the face, salivary glands, tear glands, sensory like taste buds on anterior of the tongue
8
Q
cranial nerve 8
A
vestibulocochlear: cochlea vestibule and semicircular canals of the inner ear
9
Q
cranial nerve 9
A
glossopharyngeal: motor muscles of the pharynx, taste buds on the posterior of tongue
10
Q
cranial nerve 10
A
vagas: muscles of pharynx, larynx, thoracic, and abdominal organs, sensory taste buds on tongue and pharynx, thoracic and abdominal organs
11
Q
cranial nerve 11
A
accessory: muscles of the larynx, pharynx, soft palate, shoulder and neck
12
Q
cranial nerve 11:
A
hypoglossal: tongue muscles
13
Q
white matter
A
transmission of information from brain to body
14
Q
grey matter
A
integrating reflex activity between afferent input and efferent output
15
Q
polysynaptic
A
more than two neurons connected
16
Q
monosynaptic
A
only two neurons, cannot be infringed on by the brain
17
Q
What are the components of the reflex arc?
A
sensory receptor -(sensory neuron)-> spinal cord –> interneuron -(motor neuron)-> spinal cord –> skeletal muscle cell
18
Q
How are muscles the contractile specialists of the body?
A
It allows for so many bodily functions including allowing bones to move, swallowing food, breathing, cardiac movements, movement of blood, shivering/heat production, etc.
19
Q
whole muscle is called
A
organ
20
Q
a muscle cell is called
A
a fiber
21
Q
intracellular structures of muscle cells are called
A
myofibrils
22
Q
cytoskeletal elements of muscle cells are called
A
thick and thin filaments
23
Q
thin filament
A
actin
24
Q
thick filament
A
myosin
25
smallest functional unit of muscle cells
sarcomere
26
Z line
the rungs of the actin latter
27
M line
holds myosin in place
28
H band
distance between two actin filaments across a sarcomere
29
I band
light band, isotropic, actin
30
A band
dark band, anisotropic, myosin
31
2:1
actin:myosin
32
during a contraction..
_____ remain unchanged
_____ shorten
A band and M line remain unchanged
Z lines, H band, and the whole sarcomere shorten
33
sliding filament theory
thick and thin filaments for a cross-bridge, and together with ATP, create a power stroke to move Z bands together
34
excitation contraction coupling
the series of events that link the action potential (excitation) of the muscle cell membrane to muscular contraction
35
actin structure
double stranded, globular protein
also contains tropomyosin and troponin
36
tropomyosin
regulatory protein that prevents myosin from binding to actin
37
troponin
regulatory, Ca2+ dependent protein attached to tropomyosin on an actin filament
in the presence of Ca2+, moves tropomyosin out of the way to allow for myosin to bind
38
myosin structure
six polypeptide subunits
90deg at rest, 45deg when 'loaded'
hinge region for movement
insoluble tail region
head region containing an actin binding domain and a myosin ATPase binding domain
39
How is the role of Ca2+ different in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle?
40
Describe the steps of the cross-bridge cycle in skeletal muscle.
1. energized - no Ca2+, no cross-bridge, 90 deg angle
2. binding - Ca2+ is present, cross-bridge can form, tropomyosin slides out of regulatory position
3. power stroke - lowest free energy is 45deg, myosin bends taking actin with it, ADP and Pi fall off, if no more ATP = rigor
4. detachment - ATP binding to myosin breaks the bridge, lowest free energy is 90deg,
41
components of a twitch
latency, contraction, relaxation
42
latency
period of excitation-contraction coupling
43
contraction
period during which cross-bridge formation and filaments sliding
44
relaxation
SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum) and lateral sacs take up Ca2+, myosin returns to 90deg rest
45
one action potential =
one twitch
46
twitch explaination
not useful for work
response to single AP
subthreshold muscle response
47
tetany
smooth, sustained contraction
3-4x stronger than a twitch
increased frequency of cross-bridge cycles
steady [Ca2+] assists in smooth movement
48
summation
from multiple AP
similar to temporal summation of EPSP
increasing tension
49
three types of fatigue
cellular
neuromuscular
central/psychological
50
recovery
increased blood flow to increase O2 uptake
match O2 dept to ATP consumption
51
O2 debt equation
(energy consumed during activity) - (energy supplied by body)
52
small motor unit
refined, precision movements
1-12 fibers
53
large motor unit
coarse, powerful movements
increased tension
>2,000 fibers
54
muscle atrophy - exercise
increase glycogen stores
increases number of mitochondria
increases number of capillaries
hypertrophy of muscles
55
hypertrophy
building sarcomeres in parallel
56
muscle atrophy - immobility
terminal sarcomeres can die
hyperplasia
scar formation with death of sarcomeres
57
hyperplasia
development of new sarcomeres from stem cells (limited)
58
muscle atrophy - denervation
frequency of AP during development will drive formation of muscle type
electrical stimulation may slow atrophy
59
muscle atrophy - aging
30% of myofibrils become fat by age 80
automatic decrease in motor unit size, less tension
Ach synthesis
60
smooth muscle characteristics
single nucleus
spindle arrangement does not extend the length of muscle fibers, sheets
thin filaments are not actin, no troponin
third contractile protein = intermediate filaments
lacks myofibrils
not striated
no Z lines, bu modified dense bodies made of actinin
lacks T tubules
61
collagen fibers
rigid, limit organ volume
62
elastin fibers
allows distension of organs/blood
63
law of La Place
sigma (stress) = [P (wall pressure)* r (vessel radius)]/ w (width of smooth muscle)
64
if width goes up...
stress goes down
65
if radius gets smaller...
the stress also goes down
66
two pools of Ca2+
1. sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) - small
2. voltage gated channels on the sarcolemma - large
67
the Ca2+ gates can be opened by
1. voltage
2. neurotransmitter
3. hormones
68
IP3
a second messenger of smooth muscle
69
calmodulin
structurally similar to troponin, Ca2+ binds to form a complex
inactive myosin protein complex is converted to its active form
70
calmodulin phosphorylates...
myosin at a serine residue in the tail portion
only in the myosin of the smooth muscle
71
in smooth muscle tropomyosin acts as...
a structural protein
72
only in a ___________ state can smooth muscle achieve a cross-bridge
phosphorylated
73
four locations/actions that require ATP
1. pump Ca2+ back into the SR
2. pump Ca2+ out of the cell into the ECF
3. phosphorylate myosin tail
4. bind to head of myosin during step 4
74
smooth muscle is __________, slow when completing the cross bridge cycle
economically favorable
75
latch phenomena
actin/myosin covalent linkage
76
skeletal muscle cycle
2 ATP
100 ms
77
smooth muscle cycle
4 ATP
3 sec
78
self-generated electrical signals in two categories
multiunit and signal unit
79
multiunit
multiple discrete units
each fiber contracts independently
not very much of it
neurogenic
involuntary
usually in large blood vessels
80
single unit
excited and contact as a unit
single sheet
myogenic
found in hollow organs
81
two types of single unit smooth muscle
1. pacemaker activity
2. slow wave potential
82
pacemaker activity
membrane potential gradually reaches threshold
w/o nervous system
can be modulated
83
slow wave activity
oscillating + drifting membrane potential
self induced
produces a train of AP
basal electrical rhythm
84
three roles of a multicellular organism
1. deliver glucose
2. deliver O2
3. remove waste
85
three primary roles of human circulatory system
1. transportation
2. regulation
3. protection
86
tricuspid
right atria/right ventricle valve
open when ventricle is contracting
87
pulmonary semilunar
right ventricle/pulmonary artery
open when ventricle is contracting
88
mitral
left atrium/left ventricle
open when ventricle is relaxing
89
aortic semilunar
left ventricle/aortic arch
open when ventricle is contracting
90
stroke volume
volume of blood dispelled from the heart every beat
91
cardiac output equation
cardiac output = (stroke volume)(cardiac rate)
92
valves provide two main things
1. one way blood flow
2. regulated/control blood flow
93
fetal circulation is achieved via...
1. Faraman ovale
2. ductus arteriosis
94
faraman ovale
between two atrium, also observed between two ventricles
95
ductus arteriosis
connection between the pulmonary artery and the aortic arch
96
cyanosis
septum defect between chambers
97
_____ to _____ shunt
right, left
98
neurogenic
driven by nerves in the ANS
99
myogenic
produced from the muscle itself, self excitable
100
two types of nerves innervate the heart
parasympathetic, sympathetic
101
parasympathetic nerve
vegas, conserves the energy of the body system, lowers bpm
102
sympathetic nerve
sympathetic ganglion, prepares body for an emergency , fight/flight response, accelerates bpm
103
systole
orderly contraction of the heart
104
diastole
relaxation phase of the cycle
105
important implications of AP in the heart
maintenance of AP plateau is driven by Ca2+
absolute refractory period is extended
different channels that underlay the different AP in the myocardium in order to regulate
106
two principles of action potentials
fast and slow response
107
fast response
atria, ventricles, purkinje fibers
steep upsweep and large amplitude
L type Ca2+ channel, long lasting
cannot spontaneously depolarize
108
slow response
SA and AV nodes
T type Ca2+ channel, transient but responsible for the upsweep
resting membrane potential is not stable
spontaneous depolarization
activated first !
109
1-2 in heart beat graph
atria contracting
110
2-3 heart beat graph
atria relaxes
111
3-4 heart beat graph
ventricle is contracting
112
4-5 heart beat graph
pressure is falling, ventricles relaxing
113
S1
in line with 3, closure of tricuspid and mirtal
114
S2
in line with 5, closure of pulmonary semilunar and aortic semilunar
115
S3
ventricle vibrating in a child, heart disease in adults
116
S4
normal, atria contract
117
P wave
atria depolarization
118
Q, R, S
two events
- ventricle depolarization
- repolarization of atria
119
T wave
repolarization of ventricles
120
what is a heart murmur?
blood regurgitates back through valves
121
bradycardia
less than 60 bpm
122
normal heart beat
75 bpm
123
tachycardia
greater than 100 bpm
124
ectopic pacemakers
cells outside of the SA node assume pacemaker activity
125
ventricular tachycardia
ectopic pacemaker activity explicitly in the ventricles causing them to beat separately from the atria
126
flutter
200-300 bpm, regular rhythm but usually leads to fibrillation
127
atrial fibrillation
the pumping action of atria steps; ventricles still pump 80% of the blood, can live for years w/o knowing
128
ventricular fibrillation
the pumping action of ventricles stops; only 20% of blood, only lives minutes
129
how to fix atrial fibrillation
reestablish proper atria rhythm via drug therapy, increases refractory period
130
how to fix ventricular fibrillation
reestablished via large shock to the heart causing complete refraction and hope the heart restarts
131
normal P, Q, R, S time
0.12 to 0.2 seconds
132
atrioventricular (AV) block
diagnosed by changes in the PQRS period
133
1st degree AV block
> 0.2 seconds, too long
134
2nd degree AV block
AV node damaged, and only 2/3 of the AP make it to the ventricle
multiple P waves w/o and associated QRS
135
3rd degree AV block
no AP reach the ventricles, atria beat via SA node and ventricles beat via ectopic pacemakers; ventricle beat os irregular
136
myocardial infarction (MI)
heart attack, suppressed or irregular QRS, accompanied by reduced O2
137
ischemia
low O2 environment, ST depression
138
away from the heart
arteries, arterioles
139
true gas exchange occurs in
capillaries
140
back to the heart
veins, venuoles
141
"metarteriole"
only in some vessels, provides pressure balance following the path of least resistance from artery to vein
142
artery characteristics
very muscular, thick
have stretch receptors
100-110 mmHg pressure
143
three tunics of arteries
1. tunica externa (adventida)
2. tunica media
3. tunica interna
144
capillary characteristics
ring muscles control precapillary sphincters
- hormonally and neurally controlled
relax = open bed (exercise)
close = contraction (thermoregulate)
gas exchange
145
vein characteristics
not as muscular
30 mmHg pressure
assisted blood flow by skeletal muscle
has backwash valve
146
LDL
low density lipoprotein, carries cholesterol to all cells
147
HDL
high density lipoprotein, carries cholesterol to liver, bile, or degrade it
148
thrombosis
accumulation of a lipid plaque
149
embolism
moving thrombosis
150
treatments for thrombosis
replace vessel with a bypass
angioplasty
blood thinners
stints
intravessel cementation
