reproductive Flashcards
(222 cards)
1
Q
GENITALIA
A
Reproductive organs & associated structures
2
Q
PERINEUM
A
External surface between pubic symphysis & coccyx
3
Q
SCROTUM
A
Surround, protect, & support testicles suspended from pubic arch
4
Q
TESTICLES
A
2 small, egg-shaped glands developed within abdomen & descend into scrotum before/after birth
5
Q
AKA: TESTICLES
A
Testes
6
Q
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
A
Where sperm is made
7
Q
EPIDIDYMIS
A
Coiled tube @ upper part of each testis that narrows to form vas deferens
8
Q
SPERMATIC CORD
A
Extends up from epididymis & attach to each testis; houses vas deferens, blood & lymphatic vessels, & nerves
9
Q
SPERMATOZOA
A
Male gametes @ ideal temp of 92.3°F
10
Q
AKA: SPERMATOZOA
A
Sperm
11
Q
SEMEN
A
Whitish fluid w/sperm
12
Q
SPERMATOGENESIS
A
Process of sperm formation; form in tubules then motile & stored in epididymis before traveling up & entering vas deferens; prostate & seminal vesicles add secretions to create semen
13
Q
PENIS
A
3 columns of erectile tissue that fills w/blood under high pressure
14
Q
AKA: GLANS PENIS
A
Head of penis
15
Q
AKA: FORESKIN
A
Prepuce
16
Q
FORESKIN
A
Retractable double-layered skin fold & mucous membrane that covers & protects glans penis
17
Q
VAS DEFERENS
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Long & narrow continuations of epididymis & goes up to join urethra
18
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AKA: VAS DEFERENS
A
Ductus deferens
19
Q
SEMINAL VESICLES
A
Glands secrete thick, yellow substance that nourishes sperm & makes up 60% of semen; located @ base of bladder into vas deferens
20
Q
EJACULATORY DUCT
A
Begins @ vas deferens & passes thru prostate gland & empties into urethra
21
Q
PROSTATE GLAND
A
Under bladder & where vas deferens enter urethra; secretes thick, alkaline fluid into semen for motility
22
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BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
A
2 below prostate on each side of urethra; open into it & secrete pre-ejaculate/precum to flush out urine/foreign matter & can contain sperm
23
Q
MONS PUBIS
A
Rounded, fleshy prominence over pubic symphysis anterior to external female genitalia
24
Q
LIST THE PARTS OF THE VULVA
A
Labia, clitoris, Bartholin’s glands, & vaginal orifice
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AKA: VULVA
Pudendum
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LABIA MAJORA & LABIA MINORA
Lips protecting other external genitalia & urethral meatus
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CLITORIS
Sensitive erectile tissue anterior to urethral meatus & vaginal orifice
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BARTHOLIN’S GLANDS
2 small glands on either side of vaginal orifice that make mucus secretion to lube vagina
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VAGINAL ORIFICE
Exterior opening of vagina
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HYMEN
Thin mucous membrane that partially covers vaginal orifice
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BREASTS
Made of fat, connective tissue, & mammary glands
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PURPOSE OF MAMMARY GLANDS
Make milk
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AKA: MAMMARY GLANDS
Lactiferous glands
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LACTIFEROUS DUCTS
Carry milk from gland to nipple
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AKA: LACTIFEROUS DUCTS
Milk ducts
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AREOLA
Dark pigmented area around nipple
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OVARIES
Pair of small almond-shaped glands in lower abdomen on either side of uterus
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FOLLICLE
Fluid-filled sac containing 1 ovum; thousands exist inside ovaries
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OVA
Female gametes
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AKA: OVA
Eggs
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FALLOPIAN TUBES
Upper end of uterus to near ovary (not attached)
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AKA: FALLOPIAN TUBES
Uterine tubes
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INFUNDIBULUM
Funnel-shaped opening into fallopian tube near ovary
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FIMBRIAE
Fringed, finger-like extensions of opening that catch mature ovum leaving ovary
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UTERUS
Pear-shaped organ between bladder & rectum normally anteflexed (bent forward)
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FUNDUS
Bulging, rounded part of uterus above entrance of fallopian tubes; rises during pregnancy; height relating to pubic bone = baby growth
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CORPUS
Middle part of uterus
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AKA: CORPUS
Body of uterus
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CERVIX
Lower, narrow part of uterus extending into vagina
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AKA: CERVIX
Cervix uteri
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PERIMETRIUM
Tough, membranous outer layer of uterus
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MYOMETRIUM
Muscular middle layer of uterus
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ENDOMETRIUM
Inner layer of uterus of specialized epithelial mucosa & blood vessels
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VAGINA
Muscular tube lined w/mucosa & extends from cervix to outside body
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AKA: MENSTRUATION
Menses
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MENSTRUATION
Discharge of endometrial lining & unfertilized eggs; avg cycle being 28 days & 4 phases
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4 PHASES OF MENSTRUATION
Menstrual (lining sloughs off & discharge), postmenstrual (secrete FSH to mature ovum & estrogen prep lining), ovulatory, premenstrual (hormones break down lining)
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MENARCHE
Beginning of menstruation; ~ 12 1/2 yrs
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MENOPAUSE
Normal termination of menstruation @ avg age of 51 yrs; = 1 year w/o period
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PERIMENOPAUSE
Transition between regular periods to none; lasts up to a decade w/irregular cycles, hot flashes, mood swings, & disturbed sleep
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OVULATION
Release of mature egg from follicle on 13th/14th day of cycle; takes ~ 5 days
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CORPUS LUTEUM
Enlarged ruptured follicle taken on by a yellow, fatty substance; secretes progesterone to maintain lining growth; dies if no fertilization occurs, continues secreting hormones if fertilized
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ZYGOTE
Fertilized cell in fallopian tube from conception to implantation
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EMBRYO
Fertilized cell from implantation to 8th week
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FETUS
9th week to birth
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FRATERNAL TWINS
Separate ova & separate sperm
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IDENTICAL TWINS
Ova splits
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CHORION
Thin outer membrane enclosing embryo; contributes to placenta formation
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PLACENTA
Organ exchanges nutrients, O2, & waste w/o blood mixing & makes hormones
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AMNIOTIC SAC
Innermost membrane surrounding embryo
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AKA: AMNIOTIC SAC
Amnion or bag of waters
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AMNIOTIC CAVITY
Fluid-filled sac between embryo & amniotic sac
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AMNIOTIC FLUID
Liquid protecting fetus, allowing floating movement
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UMBILICAL CORD
Carries blood, O2, & nutrients from placenta to baby & transports fetal waste to mom’s excretory system
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GESTATION
~ 280 days or 40 weeks, each trimester being ~ 13 weeks
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QUICKENING
First fetal movement felt by mom @ 16-20th week
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BRAXTON HICKS CONTRACTIONS
Intermittent, painless contractions that are infrequent, irregular, & high in frequency
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VIABILITY
Ability to live outside uterus depending on developmental age, weight, & lung development
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ANTEPARTUM
Final stage of pregnancy before labor
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3 STAGES OF LABOR & DELIVERY
Dilation, delivery, & afterbirth
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DILATION
1st & longest stage of labor; contractions 30-70 sec every 5-10 minutes & gradual dilation & effacement & rupture of amniotic sac
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EFFACEMENT
Process where cervix softens, shortens, & thins
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AKA: DELIVERY
Active labor
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PUERPERIUM
Afterbirth to 6 weeks postpartum; most bodily changes resolve & organs return to nonpregnant state
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LOCHIA
Postpartum discharge (blood & mucus) for 4-6 weeks postpartum
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UTERINE INVOLUTION
Uterus returns to normal state & condition after birth
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COLOSTRUM
Specialized breast milk w/antibodies made late pregnancy & few days after birth
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LACTATION
Process of forming & secreting milk, replacing colostrum
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NEONATE
Infant from birth to 4 weeks
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VERNIX
Greasy substance protecting fetus in utero made of sebum & discarded epidermal cells
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MECONIUM
Greenish material in fetus intestines that makes first feces
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PERINATAL
Time & events just before, during, & just after birth
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NEONATOLOGY
Study of disorders of newborns
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VIRILE
Having nature/properties/qualities of an adult male
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PREMATURE BIRTH
Occurs before 37th week
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ANDROLOGIST
Treats conditions regarding male fertility & sexuality
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ADVANCED MATERNAL AGE
Age of at least 35 years
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NULLIPARA
Never borne viable child
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PRIMIGRAVIDA
During 1st pregnancy
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PRIMIPARA
Borne 1 viable child
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MULTIPAROUS
Borne at least 2 children
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APGAR SCORES
1-10 evaluates physical status 1 & 5 minutes after birth with values being 0,1, or 2 in 5 criteria (heart rate, respiratory, muscle tone, reflexes, & skin tone); a score 8-10 = best possible conditions
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FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (FAS)
Teratogen leads to growth abnormalities, mental retardation, brain damage, & socialization difficulty
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SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME
Unexplainable, sudden death between 1 month-1 year of age
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BALANITIS
Inflammation of glans penis associated w/phimosis bc of poor hygiene & lack of circumcision
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S/S: BALANITIS
Redness, pain, unusual penile discharge
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PHIMOSIS
Narrowing of foreskin opening where foreskin can’t retract to expose glans penis; seen @ birth/childhood
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ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
Can’t achieve or maintain erection
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AKA: ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
Impotence
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PEYRONIE’S DISEASE
Form of sexual dysfunction where penis is bent/curved during erection bc of fibrous scar tissue inside penis
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AKA: PEYRONIE’S DISEASE
Penile curvature
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PRIAPISM
Painful & persistent erection lasting at least 4 hrs not caused by sexual excitement that doesn’t go away after sex; caused by meds/blood-related diseases
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PREMATURE EJACULATION
Climax before/shortly after penetration
114
ANDROPAUSE
Male menopause where there is a decrease in testosterone beginning in the 40s
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S/S: ANDROPAUSE
Low energy, depression, decreased muscle mass, & difficulty sleeping/concentrating
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CRYPTORCHIDISM
Defect in newborns where one/both testicles fail to descend & if untreated can increase risk for infertility & testicular cancer
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AKA: CRYPTORCHIDISM
Undescended testicle
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EPIDIDYMITIS
Painful inflammation of epididymis from bacterial infection (from STD/UTI); s/s: dysuria, unusual penile discharge, testalgia, hematuria, & inflamed scrotum
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HYDROCELE
Fluid-filled sac in scrotum along spermatic cord in newborns & premature infants; disappears w/o treatment
120
TESTICULAR CANCER
Most common in 15-35 years & highly treatable @ all stages
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TESTICULAR TORSION
Sharp pain in scrotum bc of cut-off blood supply from twisting of vas deferens & blood vessels; sudden & needs surgery
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ORCHITIS
Inflammation of 1/both testicles w/pain or swelling
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AKA: ORCHITIS
Testitis
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VARICOCELE
Varicose vein in spermatic cord leading to lump on one side of scrotum, low sperm production, & infertility
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AZOOSPERMIA
Absence of sperm in semen leading to infertility
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OLIGOSPERMIA
Sperm count < 15 million/mL which can lead to infertility
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AKA: OLIGOSPERMIA
Low sperm count
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HEMATOSPERMIA
Blood in semen from infection of seminal vesicles/prostatitis/urethritis/urethral strictures
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AKA: SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
Sexually transmitted infections or venereal diseases
130
CHLAMYDIA
Most common STD & highly contagious from bacteria; s/s: asymptomatic, genital pain, discharge; can damage reproductive organs in women & cause urethritis in men
131
BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS
Condition that is not an STD w/discharge, odor, pain, itching, & burning; risk for this is increased by having multiple sex partners; increases infection risk to HIV
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GENITAL HERPES/HERPES GENITALIS
Infection of skin & mucosa of genitals from herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2; highly contagious even w/o lesions & no cure; s/s: itching, burning, small fluid-filled blisters & ulcers on genitals & rectum
133
GENITAL WARTS
Highly contagious STD from HPV & can increase risk for cervical cancer
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GONORRHEA
Highly contagious STD bacterial infection of genital tract that can spread throughout body (mouth, throat, rectum, joints, etc.); s/s: dysuria & pyorrhea
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HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
Bloodborne virus interferes w/immune & transmitted thru infected bodily fluids; can develop into AIDS
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IF SOMEONE HAS AIDS, THEY ARE TOTALLY UNABLE TO DO WHAT
Fight infection
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SYPHILIS
Chronic bacterial infection affecting any organ transmitted via direct contact w/chancre; s/s similar to other STDs; highly curable when caught early; 4 stages
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VENEREAL DISEASE RESEARCH LABORATORY (VDRL) BLOOD TEST
Old but commonly used blood test to screen for syphilis; replaced by RPR
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THE 4 STAGES OF SYPHILIS
Primary (sores begin to appear & heal w/o treatment), secondary (sores on mucous membranes in mouth/anus, rash, fever, hair loss, etc.), latent (asymptomatic), late (blindness, neurological disorders, paralysis, death)
140
TRICHOMONIASIS
STD infection from parasite; s/s WOMEN: painful urination, genital itching, thin foul-smelling discharge; s/s MEN: generally asymptomatic, painful urination & clear discharge
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AKA: TRICHOMONIASIS
Trich
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IN WHAT CIRCUMSTANCE IS HEPATITIS B CONSIDERED AN STI
If transmitted via sex
143
PUBIC LICE
Lice on/around genitals
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HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV)
Most common STI w/40 different types; viral infection leading to genital warts, oropharyngeal cancer, & cervical cancer
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ANOVULATION
Absence of ovulation when expected bc of stress, poor nutrition, obesity, or hormonal imbalance
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DERMOID CYST
Benign tumor w/various tissues present @ birth on face, inside skull, low back, or ovaries
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AKA: DERMOID CYST
Teratoma
148
OVARIAN CANCER
Asymptomatic cancer that is difficult to detect
149
PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (PID)
Any inflammation of female reproductive organs w/o pregnancy or surgery gen from STD or infection & can lead to infertility & ectopic pregnancy
150
POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME
Common condition of imbalance of hormones causing numerous tiny cysts in ovaries; s/s: irregular cycles, hirsutism, acne, increase insulin & androgen
151
PYOSALPINX
Accumulation of pus in fallopian tube often from PID
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SALPINGITIS
Inflammation of fallopian tube from bacterial infection
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ENDOMETRIAL CANCER
Begins in uterine lining & can metastasize; s/s: vaginal bleeding after menopause, bleeding between periods, pelvic pain
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UTERINE FIBROIDS/FIBROID TUMORS
Benign tumors of muscle & fibrous tissue in wall of uterus not associated w/increased cancer risk; s/s: heavy menstrual bleeding & pelvic/back pain
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AKA: UTERINE FIBROIDS/FIBROID TUMORS
Myomas
156
UTERINE PROLAPSE
Weak pelvic muscles cause uterus to sag into vagina
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AKA: UTERINE PROLAPSE
Pelvic floor hernia
158
CERVICAL CANCER
Slow growing squamous cell cancer caused by HPV; 2nd most common in women
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CERVICAL DYSPLASIA
Presence of precancerous/abnormal changes in cells seen in inner lining/surface of cervix from HPV
160
CERVICAL INSUFFICIENCY
Weakened tissue in cervix that can cause miscarriage/premature birth
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AKA: CERVICAL INSUFFICIENCY
Incompetent cervix
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CERVICITIS
Inflammation of cervix from infection, irritation, or allergies
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DYSPAREUNIA
Pain during sex
164
LEUKORRHEA
Whitish mucus discharge that signals change & increase bc of infection/hormonal imbalance
165
VAGINAL ATROPHY
Thinning, drying, & inflammation of vaginal walls from hormonal changes; occurs in ~ 1/2 postmenopausal women treated w/vaginal moisturizers, lube, estrogen
166
CANDIDIASIS
Infection of skin/mucous membrane from species of Candida (yeast)
167
AKA: VAGINAL ATROPHY
Genitourinary syndrome of menopause
168
VAGINAL CANDIDIASIS
Common condition from yeast-like fungus; s/s: burning, itching, & cottage-cheese discharge
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AKA: VAGINAL CANDIDIASIS
Yeast infection
170
VAGINISMUS
Pelvic floor spasm which closes vagina leading to dyspareunia & difficulty inserting tampon/speculum
171
VAGINITIS
Inflammation of vaginal lining which can be from bacterial vaginosis, trich, vaginal candidiasis, yeast, bacteria, or low estrogen in menopause
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S/S: VAGINITIS
Vaginal irritation, unusual discharge, itching, stinging of vulva
173
VULVITIS
Inflammation of vulva from fungal/bacterial infections, chafing, skin condition, or allergies
174
FIBROADENOMA
Round, firm, rubbery benign mass in breast from excess growth of glandular & connective tissue; grows during pregnancy & shrinks postmenopause
175
MASTALGIA
Pain in breast & can signal non-cancerous breast condition
176
AKA: MASTALGIA
Mastodynia
177
FIBROCYSTIC BREAST CHANGES
Presence of fibrous tissue & benign cysts common in premenopausal women leading to painful & lumpy breasts
178
GALACTORRHEA
Breast milk production when not breastfeeding due to malfunction of pituitary
179
MASTITIS
Breast infection from bacteria entering mammary glands
180
AMENORRHEA
Abnormal absence of periods for at least 90 days due to stress, hormonal problems, poor nutrition, & excessive exercise; normal before puberty, pregnancy, breastfeeding, & menopause
181
DYSMENORRHEA
Pain from contraction that is sharp, intermittent, dull, or aching
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AKA: MENSTRUAL CRAMPS
Dysmenorrhea
183
ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING
Abnormal bleeding outside period from fibroids, hormone problems, or other
184
AKA: ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
185
MENORRHAGIA
Excessive menstrual flow > 7 days & can lead to anemia
186
HYPOMENORRHEA
Unusually small amount of menstrual flow; shortened regular cycle
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MENOMETRORRHAGIA
Irregular/excessive uterine bleeding @ & between regular cycle & can lead to anemia
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AKA: MENOMETRORRHAGIA
Intermenstrual bleeding
189
OLIGOMENORRHEA
Irregular/very light menstruation
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AKA: OLIGOMENORRHEA
Infrequent menstruation
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POLYMENORRHEA
Cycles more frequent than normal
192
PREMATURE MENOPAUSE
Ovaries stop functioning before 40 due to disease, hormonal disorder, or removal; can lead to infertility & menopausal symptoms
193
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME (PMS)
S/S 2 weeks before cycle; includes bloating, swelling, headaches, mood swings, breast discomfort/tenderness, irritability, emotional tension, anxiety, depression, water retention
194
PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER (PMDD)
Symptoms regular in second half of cycle & end w/menstruation; associate w/severe emotional & physical issues
195
ABORTION
Loss/terminate pregnancy before viable
196
MISCARRIAGE
Abortion before 20th week caused by genetic disorder/abnormality
197
AKA: MISCARRIAGE
Spontaneous abortion
198
MEDICAL ABORTION
Use medications to terminate pregnancy
199
AKA: MEDICAL ABORTION
Therapeutic abortion
200
SURGICAL ABORTION
Any procedure to terminate pregnancy depending on preference, health needs, & trimester
201
ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
Dangerous condition where zygote implants outside uterus, usually in fallopian tube
202
AKA: ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
Extrauterine pregnancy
203
INFERTILITY
Inability to conceive after 1 year of regular unprotected sex
204
ABRUPTIO PLACENTAE
Placenta separates from uterine wall before birth leading to fetal death/damage, excessive blood loss, & long-term complications
205
AKA: ABRUPTIO PLACENTAE
Placental abruption
206
PLACENTA PREVIA
Abnormal implantation of placenta in uterus partially/completely covering cervix; s/s: painless, sudden onset bleeding in 3rd trimester, severe bleeding during birth
207
PREECLAMPSIA
Toxemia of pregnancy & complication of hypertension & proteinuria; leads to preterm birth; s/s: hypertension, headaches, albuminuria, edema in extremities
208
AKA: PREECLAMPSIA
Pregnancy-induced hypertension
209
ECLAMPSIA
Seizures & coma caused by hypertension from 20th week pregnant - 1 week postpartum; caused by uncontrolled preeclampsia
210
HELLP SYNDROME
Life-threatening condition w/Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, & Low Platelet count; can lead to liver & blood cell damage; occurs in 10-20% women w/severe preeclampsia
211
POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
Sadness & loss of pleasure in activity postpartum due to rapid change in hormone levels; needs treatment if severe or lasts greater than 2 weeks
212
ANORCHIA
Congenital absence of 1/both testicles that can affect sperm production & testosterone secretion
213
AKA: ANORCHIA
Anorchism
214
PROSTATITIS
Inflammation of prostate; s/s: dysuria, pelvic pain, polyuria
215
PROSTATORRHEA
Urethra discharge; abnormal flow of prostatic fluid
216
ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS
Rh- mom produces antibodies after 1st Rh+ baby which attacks RBCs of 2nd/later Rh+ babies
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AKA: ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
218
MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME
Meconium penetrates amniotic fluid & is aspirated leading to respiratory issues/distress in baby; mom can have increased risk of infection/disease
219
PROLAPSED CORD
Umbilical cord prolapses through cervix into vagina before baby & can compromise oxygen
220
PROLAPSED UTERUS
Downward displacement of uterus causing it to prolapse in/out of vagina
221
STILLBIRTH
Death & delivery of fetus after 20 weeks from many causes
222
TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME
Severe bacterial infection associated w/prolonged use of superabsorbent tampons; s/s: high fever, headache, confusion, seizures, organ failure
