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Human Anatomy Unit 4 - Lecture > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

The reproductive system produces sex cells called….

A

gametes

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2
Q

What is the term for cell division resulting in 2 diploid body cells that each have 46 (2N) chromosomes?

A

mitosis

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3
Q

What do you call cell division resulting in 4 haploid gametes (sperm or egg cells) that each have 23 (N) chromosomes?

A

meiosis

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4
Q

What process results in 4 functional sperm cells?

A

spermatogenesis

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5
Q

What process results in 1 functional egg cell due to disproportionate cytoplasmic division?

A

oogenesis

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6
Q

Spermatogenesis occurs within ________ of the testes.

A

seminiferous tubules

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7
Q

Oogenesis occurs within follicles of the ________.

A

ovary

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8
Q

What structure is the skin enclosing testes, blood vessels and nerves, and muscles for temperature regulation?

A

scrotum

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9
Q

What are the 2 muscles found in the scrotum for temperature regulation?

A

dartos
cremaster

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10
Q

What structure produces sperm cells in seminiferous tubules?

A

testes

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11
Q

What structure produces hormones in interstitial cells surrounding the seminiferous tubules?

A

testes

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12
Q

What structure stores sperm cells for maturation?

A

epididymis

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13
Q

What structure is the lower abdominal area where testes descend into the scrotum?

A

inguinal canal

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14
Q

What structure transports sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct?

A

ductus deferens/vas deferens

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15
Q

What muscle movement in the vas deferens is uses in transportation of sperm from epididymis to the ejaculatory duct?

A

smooth muscle peristalsis

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16
Q

What structure within the penis has 2 dorsal portions and is made of columns of erectile tissue?

A

corpora cavernosa

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17
Q

What penile structure is a single ventral column of erectile tissue?

A

corpus spongiosum

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18
Q

What structure surrounds the glans penis as a sheath?

A

prepuce/foreskin

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19
Q

What penile structure transports urine and semen?

A

urethra

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20
Q

The penis is always described anatomically with respect to what position?

A

erect position

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21
Q

An ejaculate contains an average of ______ mL of semen.

A

2-5 mL

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22
Q

An ejaculate contains an average of _______ sperm.

A

300 million

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23
Q

What structure houses follicles that encase eggs?

A

ovary

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24
Q

What is the name of the blood clot that fills the follicle pit after ovulation?

A

corpus hemorrhagicum (CH)

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25
What replaces the corpus hemorrhagicum (CH) in the ovaries?
corpus luteum
26
What is a white scar that is left when corpus luteum cells die?
corpus albicans
27
What structure transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus and serves as the site of fertilization?
uterine tubes aka. oviducts aka. fallopian tubes
28
The uterine tubes aka. oviducts aka. fallopian tubes are lined with what muscle?
smooth muscle
29
The uterine tubes aka. oviducts aka. fallopian tubes are lined with what epithelium?
ciliated columnar epithelium
30
The smooth muscle and epithelium within the uterine tubes aka. oviducts aka. fallopian tubes aid in.....
gamete transport
31
Is it dangerous if an embryo implants at the uterine tubes aka. oviducts aka. fallopian tubes?
yes
32
What is the inner lining of the uterus called?
endometrium
33
What is the name of the walls of smooth muscle in the uterus?
myometrium
34
What inferior structure is the opening to the vagina?
cervix
35
What portion of the uterus superior portion?
fundus
36
What is the name of the female sex orifice and birth canal?
vagina
37
What muscle is found in the vagina?
smooth muscle
38
The vagina is lined with what epithelium?
stratified squamous epithelium
39
In the vulva what structure is part of the urinary system?
external urethral orifice
40
In the vulva what structure is part of the reproductive system?
vaginal orifice
41
What structure in the vulva is an erectile structure for sexual stimulation?
clitoris
42
What structure within the vulva covers and protects the external genitalia?
labia majora
43
What structure within the vulva covers the clitoris?
labia minora
44
What structure stretches (or tears) during birth to accommodate passage of the child?
perineum tissue
45
What structure may be cut by a physician to during childbirth to avoid uneven tearing of skin, which is difficult to stitch?
perineum tissue
46
What is the term for the procedure in which a physician cuts the perineum?
episiotomy
47
During fertilization sperm fertilizes the egg in the oviduct, typically in the ______
ampulla
48
Fertilization occurs near day ______ of the menstrual cycle in a typical 28-day cycle.
14
49
What structure is gelatinous and noncelullar, and immediately surrounds the egg?
zona pellucia
50
An egg has about 3000 diploid cells surrounding the egg and zona pellucida, these cells are called...
corona radiata cells
51
Sperm ____ releases chemicals to penetrate the layers of the egg.
acrosome
52
What chemical destroys the corona radiata in sperm but requires involvement of many sperm?
hyaluronidase
53
What chemical penetrates the zona pellucia only in a successful sperm cell?
acrosin
54
What kind of twins come from 2 different eggs that are released & fertilized separately, usually due to high hormone levels?
fraternal aka. dizygotic
55
What kind of twins come from a single embryo what splits, usually at the time of uterine implantation due to a weak zona pellucia?
identical aka. monozygotic
56
How many milk ducts open at the nipple?
15-20
57
Does breast size predict mulk production rates?
no
58
Milk production & release is controlled by what 2 hormones?
prolactin oxytocin
59
In females, what hormone stimulates ovarian follicle (egg) production and estrogen release?
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
60
In males, what hormone stimulates sperm production?
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
61
Fraternal twins are often a result of hight female.....
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) levels
62
What hormone, in females, stimulates follicle production, estrogen release, egg release into Fallopian tubes, and progesterone release?
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
63
What hormone, in males, stimulates testosterone secretion?
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
64
What hormones are considered a “male hormones”, but is found in small amounts in females?
androgens
65
What hormones cause secondary sex characteristics, as well as bone and muscle maintenance?
andreogens
66
Testosterone produced in the testes while other androgens come from the.....
liver and adrenal glands
67
Are androgens potentially dangerous when used for muscle enhancement?
yes
68
Estrogens are also known as...
Estradiols
69
What hormone group is known as “female hormones”, but males have small amounts of them?
Estrogens aka. Estradiols
70
What hormones cause secondary sex characteristics, menstrual cycling, are involved in bone and muscle maintenance, blood clotting, fat storage?
Estrogens aka. Estradiols
71
What hormone levels are decreased after menopause?
Estrogens aka. Estradiols
72
What female hormone is involved in the menstrual cycle and prepares for and maintains pregnancy?
progesterone
73
What hormone prevents uterine contracitons?
progesterone
74
The sudden drop of what hormone causes pregnancy and causes miscarriage?
progesterone
75
During what days of the menstrual cycle are all hormones low, and blood and tissue is discharged from the uterus?
days 1-7
76
During what days of the menstrual cycle is characterized by estrogen levels increase, follicle and uterine lining development?
days 7-14
77
What day of the menstrual cycle is characterized by LH peaks that cause ovulation, and a decline in estrogen?
day 14
78
What days of the menstrual cycle is characterized by LH decline, and estrogen and progesterone increase?
days 14-21
79
What days of the menstrual cycle are characterized by a decline in all hormones?
days 21-28

Human Anatomy Unit 4 - Lecture (5 decks)

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