Urinary System Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
What organ system filters 200 liters of blood daily, removing toxins, metabolic wastes, excess ions, etc.?
A
urinary system
2
Q
What organ system regulates volume and chemical makeup of the blood?
A
urinary system
3
Q
What organ system maintains the proper balance between water and salts, and acids and bases?
A
urinary system
4
Q
The urinary system is an important system for _________.
A
excretion
5
Q
What is the term for the process of removing cellular waste from the body?
A
excretion
6
Q
Excretion is also performed by other system such as the ________.
A
respiratory system
7
Q
The respiratory system excretes….
A
CO2
8
Q
The urinary system excretes….
A
urine
9
Q
Is gluconeogenesis part of the renal function?
A
yes
10
Q
Gluconeogensis occurs during…..
A
prolonged fasting
11
Q
A renal function of production of renin increases…….
A
blood pressure and erythropoietin
12
Q
What is the function of erythropoietin?
A
stimulate RBC production
13
Q
Is activation of Vitamin D a renal function?
A
yes
14
Q
Activation of vitamin D forms ________ to increase blood calcium.
A
calcitrol
15
Q
What organ forms urine from blood substances and transports it to the ureters?
A
kidneys
16
Q
What kidney structure prevents infection?
A
surrounding fibrous capsule
17
Q
What structure transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder by peristalsis?
A
ureters
18
Q
What organ stores urine?
A
urinary bladder
19
Q
What structure transports urine from the bladder to outside the body?
A
urethra
20
Q
Is the urinary system retroperioneal?
A
yes
21
Q
What organ is a collapsible, smooth muscle sac?
A
urinary bladder
22
Q
What muscle is the urinary bladder made of?
A
detrusor muscle
23
Q
What epithelium is the urinary bladder lined with?
A
transitional epithelium
24
Q
What area of the urinary bladder is a triangular area outlined by the openings for the ureters and the urethra?
A
trigone
25
What area of the urinary bladder is clinically important because infections tend to persist in this region?
trigone
26
Approximately _________ of systemic cardiac output flows through the kidneys each minute.
one-fourth (1200 mL)
27
Arterial flow into and ________ flow out of the kidneys follow similar paths.
venous
28
________ are only found on the nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons.
vasa recta
29
What structure in the kidney dips far down into the medulla and includes the vasa recta?
juxtamedullary nephrons
30
What is the name of the structural and functional unit that forms uine?
nephron
31
The nephron consists of what 2 major structures?
glomerulus
glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule)
32
What nephron structure is a tuft of capillaries associated with a renal tubule?
glomerulus
33
What nephron structure is a cup-shaped end of a renal tubule that completely surrounds the glomerulus?
glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule)
34
What nephron structure includes the glomerulus and its bowman's capsule (the combination)?
renal corpuscle
35
What is a fenestrated endothelium that allows solute-rich, virtually protein-free filtrate to pass from the blood into the glomerular capsule?
glomerular endothelium of the nephron
36
What do you call the filter that lies between the blood and the interior of the glomerular capsule?
nephron filtration membrane
37
The nephron filtration membrane is composed of how many layers?
3
38
The fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries is a part of the....
nephron filtration membrane
39
The visceral membrane of the glomerular capsule (podocytes) is a layer of the....
nephron filtration membrane
40
The basement membrane composed of fused basal laminae of the other layers is part of the....
nephron filtration membrane
41
Name the 3 parts of the nephron renal tubule.
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
nephron loop (loop of Henle)
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
42
What nephron structure is composed of cuboidal cells with numerous microvilli and mitochondria?
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
43
What nephron structure reabsorbs water and solutes from filtrate and secretes substances into it?
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
44
What nephron structure is a hairpin-shaped loop of the renal tubule?
nephron loop (loop of Henle)
45
The proximal part of the nephron loop is similar to the.....
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
46
The proximal part of the nephron loop is followed by the thin segment made of....
simple squamous cells
47
The proximal part of the nephron loop is followed by the thick segment made of....
cuboidal to columnar cells
48
The descending limb of the nephron loops allows for.....
water reabsorption
49
The ascending limb of the nephron loop allows for.....
NaCl reabsorption
50
What nephron structure is made of cuboidal cells without microvilli that function more secretion than reabsorption?
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
51
What structure in the kidneys forms urine?
nephrons
52
How many nephrons (filtering stations) are found per kidney?
over 1 million
53
What portion of the kidney is the location of blood filtration for blood coming in from the renal atery/arterioles?
renal corpuscle
54
What is the term for filtration of blood plasma by the glomerular capillaries?
glomerular filtration
55
Nephron filtrate will be modified to become....
urine
56
Nephron filtrate is similar to blood plasma but lacks.....
large proteins
57
What is the term for selective body reabsorption of substances such as water, amino acids, glucose etc. byt he kidney tubule back to blood?
tubular reabsorption
58
In the nephron water is reabsorbed by....
osmosis
59
All substances aside from water are reabsorbed by the nephron via....
diffusion
passive transport
active transport
60
What is the term for rapid removal of toxins from blood plasma to the kidney tubule for removal through urine?
tubular secretion
61
Ammonia and hydrogen ions are removed at the nephron via....
tubular secretion
62
Ammonia is a byproduct of......
protein processing
63
The liver detoxifies ammonia to form...
urea
64
Urea is filtered out by the....
kidneys
65
Urine flows from the renal pyramid via the .....
renal cortex and renal medulla
66
Urine flows from the renal pyramid to the....
minor calyx
67
Urine flows from the minor calyx to the....
major calyx
68
Urine flows from the major calyx to the....
renal pelvis
69
Urine flows from the renal pelvis to the....
ureter
70
Urine flows from the ureter to the....
urinary bladder
71
Urine flows from the urinary bladder to the....
urethra
72
What is another term for urination?
micturition or diuresis
73
Urination is a reflex controlled by the.....
spinal cord and pons
74
How long is the male urethra?
~18 vm
75
How long is the female urethra?
~4 cm
76
The male urethra is a ____________ tube from urinary bladder to end of the penis.
fibromuscular
77
The male urethra is lined with....
mucous membrane
78
In the male, the nearby __________ may affect urination.
prostate gland
79
The male internal urethral sphincter is made of what muscle?
smooth muscle
80
In the male, the internal urethral sphincter is found at the....
base of the bladder
81
The external urethral sphincter is made of what muscle?
skeletal muscle
82
The external urethral sphincter is found at the.....
base of prostate gland
83
Is the female urethra shorter than that of the male?
yes
83
Can the location of the female urethra vary?
yes
83
Can the female urethral opening be slightly inside the vaginal opening?
yes
84
In the female, the internal urethral sphincter is found at the....
base of the bladder
85
In the female, the external urethral sphincter is located....
about halfway down the urethra
86
How much urine is excreted per day?
0.6-2.5 liters
87
Is more than typical urine excreted with diuretics?
yes
88
What is the normal color of urine?
clear to amber
89
What is another term for the color of urine?
urochrome pigment
90
What kind of odor does urine have?
acidic
91
What is the normal pH range of urine?
4.5-8.0
92
What is the average pH range of urine?
5.5-6.5
93
The wide range of urine pH may prevent....
kidney stones (renal calculi)
94
What bodily fluid is composed of water, urea, salts & minerals; very small amounts of albumin protein and blood or body cells?
urine
95
Should a healthy person be dumping nutrients or any other substances that are needed by the body into urine?
no
96
Where does the hormone aldosterone originate from?
adrenal glands
97
Aldosterone causes reabsorption of....
Na+ and corresponding water
98
When reabsorbing Na+ and corresponding water due to aldosterone in the kidneys this occurs at the....
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
99
What hormone increases blood pressure and results in concentrated (darker) urine?
aldosterone
100
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) originates from the.....
pituitary gland
101
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on the DCT and collecting duct to cause...
water reabsorption
102
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on the DCT and collecting duct to prevent...
dehydration
103
Does action of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) result in concentrated urine?
yes
104
Dark urine is an indication of ________ in the body.
dehydration
105
The interlobular artery/vein can also be called...
cortical radiate artery/vein
106
What does the term fenestrated mean?
That something has holes in it.
107
Define reabsorption (as referring to the kidneys).
Moving substances from filtrate to blood
108
Define secretion (as referring to the kidneys).
Moving substances from blood to filtrate.
109
