Reproductive System

Question 1

What do Mitosis and Meiosis result in?

Answer 1

-mitosis: two daughter cells that have the same chromosomes as the parents (identical)
-Meiosis: four daughter cells that have half of the parent cells chromosomes (not identical)

Question 2

If the diploid chromosome number of an animal’s cell is 66 what is the haploid chromosome number?

Answer 2

-33

Question 3

Most of the cells of the body divide by ____________?

Answer 3

-Mitosis

Question 3

What are the diploid chromosome abbreviations for a male? For a female?

Answer 3

-Female: XX
-Male: XY

Question 4

The reproductive cells divide by ____________?

Answer 4

-Meiosis

Question 5

Where does spermatogenesis take place?

Answer 5

-Seminiferous tubules of the testis

Question 6

Where does oogenesis take place?

Answer 6

-Follicles in the ovaries

Question 7

What cells are between the seminiferous tubules and what do they produce?

Answer 7

-Interstitial cells: produces testosterone and androgen

Question 8

What is testosterone responsible for?

Answer 8

-developing secondary sex characteristics

Question 9

What are the 3 main parts of a spermatozoa and tell me about each.

Answer 9

-Head: contains the nucleus, is covered by a hat-like structure called the acrosome
-Midpiece: the “powerplant” of the sperm, contains a lot of mitochondria
-Tail: resembles a flagellum, used for propulsion

Question 10

What is the name of the band of connective tissue that attaches the testes to the scrotum?

Answer 10

-Gubernaculum

Question 11

What adjusts the position of the testes based on their temperature?

Answer 11

-The cremaster muscle

Question 12

What is the structure that links the testes with the rest of the body? What do they contain?

Answer 12

-The spermatic chord, contains blood, lymph vessels and the vas deference

Question 13

What is the pampiniform plexus?

Answer 13

-A meshwork of tiny veins that helps regulate the temperature of the testis

Question 14

What are the 2 layers of connective tissue called that surround the testes in the scrotum and the spermatic cord?

Answer 14

-the vaginal tunics: visceral layer and the parietal layer

Question 15

Which tunic would the veterinarian cut through first during a neuter?

Answer 15

-The parietal layer

Question 15

What is the tunica albuginea?

Answer 15

-A heavy, fibrous connective tissue capsule that each testicle is enclosed in

Question 16

What does it mean if we refer to an animal as “cryptorchid”?

Answer 16

-One testicle has not descended into the scrotum and is still in the abdominal cavity

Question 17

What do the Sertoli cells do?

Answer 17

-Prevent the body from launching an immune response against the sperm

Question 18

What is the vas deferens?

Answer 18

-the tube that transports the sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation

Question 18

What is the storage and maturation site of spermatozoa? Describe this structure to me.

Answer 18

-The Epididymis: a flat, ribbon-like structure that lays along the dorsal surface of the testes

Question 19

What are the functions of the urethra?

Answer 19

-Expel urine from the body
-expel reproductive cell into the female

Question 20

What are the 2 portions of the urethra?

Answer 20

-Pelvic
-Penile

Question 21

Sperm only make up a small percentage of semen, what makes up the majority?

Answer 21

-Secretions from the accessory reproductive glands

Question 22

What are the male accessory reproductive organs? Which ones do dogs have?

Answer 22

-Prostate Gland (dogs have) -Bulbourethral Gland

Question 23

What is the penis made up of?

Answer 23

-Muscle -Erectile tissue -Connective tissue

Question 24

What is the largest part of the penis?

Answer 24

-The body

Question 25

Which species has tiny spines on their penis?

Answer 25

-Cats

Question 26

What is the glans penis?

Answer 26

-Tip, distal, free end of the organ

Question 26

What structure causes the male and female dog to remain stuck “tied”?

Answer 26

-The bulb of the glands and the vulva

Question 27

How long can the tie last?

Answer 27

-15-20 minutes

Question 28

What is the sigmoid flexure? What species do we see it in?

Answer 28

-an ‘s’ shaped bend in non-erect penises of bulls, rams and bores

Question 29

What do the broad ligaments attach to the female’s abdominal cavity?

Answer 29

-Ovaries -Oviducts -uterus

Question 30

What hormones do the ovaries produce? And what is the purpose of each hormone?

Answer 30

-Estrogens: produced by developing follicles, responsible for physical and behavioral changes that prepare the animal for pregnancy and breeding -progestins: helps prepare the uterus for implantation of the fertilized ovum, also necessary to maintain pregnancy

Question 31

What is the function of the infundibulum?

Answer 31

-it is responsible for catching the egg as its released from the ovary and directing it to the oviduct

Question 32

What is the uterus?

Answer 32

-a hollow, muscular organ, AKA the womb

Question 33

The cervix normally remains tightly closed, except during 2 periods. What are these periods and why does the cervix open during them?

Answer 33

-Estrous: heat period -Partition: birthing

Question 34

What is the vulva?

Answer 34

-the only portion of the female reproductive system that can be seen externally

Question 34

What is the vagina?

Answer 34

-a stretchy muscular tube that received the penis in time of breeding, acts as a birth canal, and contains mucous glands that lubricate the vagina during breeding

Question 35

When during the estrous cycle are females receptive to the male?

Answer 35

-In the estrous phase

Question 36

What are the stages of the estrous cycle? (Know what happens in each stage. What stages some species do not have)

Answer 36

-Proestrus: Period of follicle development in the ovary -Estrous: The “heat period”, the female will be receptive to the male, Estrogen level from the follicle reaches its peak -Metestrus: Dogs and cats do not have this, period after ovulation -Diestrus: “active luteal stage”, When the CL reaches its maximum size and effect -Anestrus: A period of temporary ovarian inactivity

Question 37

What is proestrus?

Answer 37

-the first stage of the estrous cycle, the period where the follicle is developing in the ovary

Question 38

What increases estrogen production?

Answer 38

-when they are in the estrus portion from the follicle developing

Question 39

What does induced ovulation mean? Which species are induced ovulators?

Answer 39

-Breeding must take place before ovulation occurs, cats, camels, rabbits, and ferrits

Question 40

What happens when the estrogen levels form the follicles reach their peak?

Answer 40

-The luteal phase

Question 41

What is anestrus?

Answer 41

-The period where the ovaries are inactive

Question 42

During what stage of the estrous cycle can dogs develop a pseudopregnancy?

Answer 42

-Diestrus

Question 42

What hormone stimulates follicular activation?

Answer 42

-Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Question 43

What is polyestrous? Diestrus? Monestrus? Which species are which?

Answer 43

-Polyestrous: animals that continuously cycle, cattle, swine and humans -Diestrus: animals that have 2 heat cycles per year, dogs -Monestrus: animals that have one heat cycle a year, foxes and mink

Question 44

Where is the usual site of fertilization of the ova by spermatozoa?

Answer 44

-In the uterus

Question 45

What are the male and female gametes?

Answer 45

-Male: spermazoa -Female: ova

Question 46

What is another name for the bulbourethral gland?

Answer 46

-Cowper Gland

Question 47

What species has an os penis?

Answer 47

-Dogs -raccoons -walruses

Question 48

There are 2 structures that the vas deferens connects. What are they?

Answer 48

-The epididymis -The urethra

Question 49

If I said an animal is uniparous, what does that mean?

Answer 49

-the ovaries produce one mature ovum per cycle