reproductive/urinary Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
Division of cells to produce gametes or cells with ½ the DNA of the
parent cell is performed through the process of meiosis
A
- Reproductive cell division
2
Q
Chromosomes become visible, mitotic spindle appears,
nuclear membrane & nucleoli disappear
A
Meiosis I: Prophase
3
Q
In humans ___ pairs of chromosomes for a total of ___.
A
23, 46
4
Q
- females have _____ chromosomes
A
two X
5
Q
males have an ___ and a smaller __ chromosome
A
X and a smaller Y
6
Q
A ________ is a specialized sex cell carrying 23 chromosomes –
one half the number of chromosome of a normal human cell.
A
gamete
7
Q
The scrotum is away from the body because sperm production occurs more efficiently when the testes are kept _______ temperature.
A
2 to 4 degrees
below core
8
Q
Descending from the internal oblique muscle are 2 _____ which cover each testis like a muscular net. When it
contracts the testes rise.
A
cremaster
muscles
9
Q
Testes develop __________
Descends into scrotum during 7th month of fetal development by
passing through inguinal canal
A
near kidney on posterior abdominal wall
10
Q
Inguinal canal is an opening in the ____________
exists in both sexes
A
anterior abdominal wall
11
Q
In males_____ allows testicles to migrate into scrotum
A
Inguinal canal
12
Q
In females the round ligament of the uterus and ilioinguinal
nerve pass through the ______
A
Inguinal canal
13
Q
Within the lobules sperm develop in structures called
__________.
A
seminiferous tubules. (Spermatogenesis)
14
Q
______ surround developing sperm cells
A
Sertoli cells
15
Q
__________ secrete signalling molecules that promote
sperm production and can control whether germ cells
live or die.
A
Sertoli cells
16
Q
____________Sertoli cells create the blood testis
barrier, which keeps blood borne substances from
reaching the germ cells and at the same time keeps
surface antigens on developing germ cells from
escaping into the bloodstream and prompting an
autoimmune response
A
Tight junctions b/w
17
Q
It occurs in the seminiferous tubules
A
Spermatogenesis
18
Q
The ______ is a coiled tube attached to the testis where
newly formed sperm continue to mature
A
epididymis
19
Q
The more mature
sperm are stored in the tail of ________ until ejaculation.
A
epididymis
20
Q
Sperm make up _____ the thick milky fluid male
ejaculates. The bulk of semen is produced by accessory glands:
seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland.
A
only 5% of semen
21
Q
Prostate gland sits _____ to rectum at the base of the bladder,
and surrounds the prostatic urethra
A
anterior
22
Q
It is an androgen steroid hormone produced by Leydig cells.
Leydig cells are also known as interstitial cells. They are found
b/w the seminiferous tubules in the testes.
A
TESTOSTERONE
23
Q
_____ plays a role in muscle development, bone growth,
the development of 2nd sex characteristics, and maintaining
libido in both sexes.
A
Testosterone
24
Q
LH binds to receptors on _______ in the testis and up
regulate the production of testosterone
A
Leydig cells
25
* parasympathetic reflex causes ______
erection
26
* sympathetic reflex causes
ejaculation
27
Process begins with ovarian stem cells or oogonia. Oogonia are
formed during fetal development and divide via mitosis. Oogonia
form primary oocytes in the fetal ovary prior to birth. The primary
oocytes arrest in meiosis I and only resumes at puberty and
continues to menopause.
Oogenesis
28
Just prior to ovulation, a surge of LH triggers the resumption of _________. This initiates the transition from primary to secondary oocyte. Meiosis arrests here as well.
meiosis in a primary oocyte.
29
Meiosis of a secondary oocyte is completed only if a _________Meiosis II then resumes,
producing one haploid ovum that at the instant of fertilization by a sperm becomes the first diploid cell of new offspring.
sperm succeeds in penetrating its barrier.
30
________ bind to receptors on the granulosa and theca cells of the
follicles. FSH stimulates follicles to grow and 5-6 tertiary follicles expand
in diameter. LH stimulates the granulosa and _______ to produce estrogens.
LH and FSH; theca cells
31
tertiary follicles are growing and secreting estrogens is called __________.
the follicular phase or preovulatory
phase.
32
The large burst of LH leads to the ________.
The LH surge also induces many changes in the dominant follicle,
including stimulating the resumption of meiosis of the primary oocyte to
a secondary oocyte.
ovulation of the dominant follicle;
33
The surge of LH stimulates a change in the granulosa and theca cells that remain in the follicle after the _____ has been ovulated. This
change is called ______ and it transforms the collapsed follicle into a new endocrine structure called the________
oocyte; luteinization; corpus luteum.
34
Corpus luteum luteinized granulosa and theca cells produce large
amounts of _______. It is critical for the establishment and
maintenance of pregnancy
progesterone
35
is key for
maintaining a thick stratum functionalis. As long as a functional
corpus luteum is present in the ovary the endometrial lining is
prepared for implantation.
progesterone
36
______ is a narrow medial end of each tube that is connected
to the uterus.
Isthmus
37
______ is the wide distal part that flares out with
slender finger-like projections called fimbriae.
Infundibulum
38
_______ is the middle region of the tube where fertilization
usually occurs.
Ampulla
39
High concentrations of estrogen at time of ovulation induce contraction of smooth muscle along the length of the uterine tube. They occur every ______ and results in a coordinated movement that sweeps (the fimbriae) the surface of the ovary and pelvic cavity. Current flowing toward the uterus is generated by coordinated ________.
4-8 seconds; beating of cilia
40
______ is the portion of uterus superior to the opening of uterine tubes.
Fundus
41
Body of uterus is the______
middle section.
42
______ is the narrow inferior portion of uterus that projects into the
vagina.
Cervix
43
Changes from the ________ epithelium of the uterus to the ___________
epithelium of the vagina
simple columnar epithelium; stratified squamous
44
This layer does not shed during menses. This layer is mitotically active and gives
rise to stratum functionalis
Stratum basalis
45
is the layer of the
endometrium that is shed during menses.
Stratum functionalis
46
early days of
the follicular phase of ovarian cycle when progesterone, FSH, and
LH levels are low.
Menses Phase
47
It occurs when the granulosa and theca cells of the tertiary
follicles begin to produce increased amounts of estrogen.
* Rising estrogen levels stimulate the endometrial lining (stratum functionalis) to rebuild.
Proliferative Phase (Follicular phase)
48
* Luteal phase is at the same time.
* In the uterus progesterone from the corpus luteum begins the
secretory phase in which the endometrial lining prepares for implantation.
Secretory Phase
49
* Ovaries no longer respond to stimulation of central axis
hormones(FSH/LH)
* no remaining follicles to stimulate estrogen secretion
* Changes in hormone levels account for symptoms of menopause
* hot flashes, mood swings, organ atrophy, osteoporosis
Menopause is cessation of menstruation
50
s when a sperm and an oocyte combine and their nuclei fuse. Sperm and oocyte are haploid and the new cell is diploid a called a zygote.
FERTILIZATION
51
First 2 weeks is known as ________ Vulnerable to environmental induced
malformations(teratogenesis) Have the formation of germ layers in this stage
pre-embryonic stage
52
Embryo is the developing human from 3-8 weeks. Organogenesis occurs within the 1st 8 weeks of gestation. A developing embryo establishes the rudimentary structures of all its
organs and tissues from ________. Vulnerability to teratogenesis remains
germ layers.
53
Fetus is from 9 weeks until birth. A 30 week period of development is marked by
continued cell growth and differentiation which fully develop the structures and function of the immature organs systems formed during the __________
embryonic period.
54
The trophoblast secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone that directs the __________ to survive, enlarge, and continue producing progesterone and
estrogen to suppress menses. At home pregnancy tests detect hCG in
the urine. _________ will continue to secrete these hormones until the
placenta takes over.
Corpus luteum
55
_______ connects to the embryo via the umbilical cord which carries deoxygenated blood and wastes from the fetus through 2 umbilical arteries; nutrients and O2 are carried from the mother to fetus though 1 umbilical vein.
Placenta
56
_______ secretes hCG, estrogens and progesterone to maintain pregnancy
and stimulates maternal and fetal development.
Placenta
57
t is caused by increased
circulation of estrogen, progesterone and hCG, and usually subsides
about week 12.
Increased nausea and vomiting
58
this stage begins when the fetal head enters
the birth canal and ends with birth of the newborn
Expulsion stage
59
plateaus in late pregnancy at a level high enough to initiate
milk production. When placenta is expelled inhibition is lifted and milk
production commences. Placenta hormones inhibit milk production.
Prolactin
60
Posterior pituitary releases
oxytocin, which stimulates
myoepithelial cells to squeeze milk from the alveoli so it can drain into the lactiferous ducts, and collect in
the lactiferous sinuses, and
discharge through the nipple pores.
61
Urine should not contain
blood, bacteria, excessive
proteins, excessive ketones (cells using fats to
produce ATP), and should not contain cells like
WBC or RBC
62
Voiding is regulated b
involuntary ANS controlled internal urinary sphincter
consisting of smooth muscle and voluntary skeletal muscle that forms the external
urinary sphincter below it.
63
* Preprostatic urethra is very short and incorporated into
bladder wall
* Prostatic urethra passes through the prostate gland.
* Membranous urethra passes through the deep muscles
of the perineum where it is invested by the overlying
urethral sphincters.
* Spongy urethra exits at the tip of the penis after passing
through the corpus spongiosum.
MALE URETHRA
64
Interior surface is made of _________ that is structurally suited for the large volume fluctuations. Volumes range from_______ of urine.
transitional cellular epithelium; 0 to 500-600mL
64
In women bladder lies
anterior to the uterus, and posterior to the
pubic bone and anterior to rectum.
65
proper term for urination or voiding.
Micturition
66
Ureters are________ and connect the renal pelvis (kidneys) to
bladder.
retroperitoneal
67
As urine passes through the ureter, it does not passively drain into the
bladder but rather is propelled by waves of _______ and gravity can help too
peristalsis and hydrostatic
pressure
68
The inner mucosa is lined with ____________
transitional epithelium
69
The kidneys lie on either side of the spine in the ________________, well protected by muscle,
fat, and ribs 11 and 12
retroperitoneal space b/w the
parietal peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall
70
The Left kidney is located about ______ vertebrae and the
right kidney is ____ due to slight displacement by the liver
T12- L3 vertebrae; lower
71
_______ are roughly the size of your fist. They are well vascularized receiving about
25% of the cardiac output at rest. Cannot function without proper blood flow.
kidneys
72
__________ are CT extensions that radiate downward from the cortex
through the medulla to separate the renal pyramids and renal papillae.
Renal columns
73
________ are 6-8 cone shaped tissues in the medulla of the kidneys containing collecting ducts and the loops of Henle of juxtaglomerular nephrons.
Renal pyramids
74
are in the medullary area of the renal pyramids where
collecting ducts empty urine into minor calyces.
Renal papillae
75
are cup like structures receiving urine from the collecting ducts
here it passes on to the renal pelvis and ureter. There are _______
Calyces; minor and
major calyces.
76
________ is formed from the major and minor calyxes in the kidneys.
The smooth muscle in the ________ funnels urine via peristalsis and
hydrostatic pressure into the ureter
Renal pelvis
77
________ are the functional units of the kidney; they cleanse the blood and
balance the constituents of the circulation.
Nephrons
78
afferent arteriole,
glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillary and vasa
recta which than join venous return
Order of blood vessels around the nephron
79
The _______ moves through the nephron the vasa recta and peritubular capillary recover most of the solutes and water and return them to circulation.
filtrate
80
* Renal corpuscle is the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule which perform filtration.
* Renal tubules: proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), Loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule (DCT) which do secretion
and reabsorption.
* Collecting ducts make final adjustments (secretion and
reabsorption)
Parts of Nephron
81
The outside layer of the Bowman’s capsule (parietal layer) is _________. It transitions onto glomerular
capillaries its form the visceral layer of the capsule.
simple squamous epithelium.
82
In the visceral layer cells are not squamous but ____________ to cover glomerular capillaries. These projections interdigitate to form filtration
slits, leaving small gaps b/w digits to from a sieve.
podocytes (cells with finger-like arms called pedicles)
83
Fenestrations, basement membrane and podocytes form the:
filtration membrane
84
_______ prevent filtration of blood cells or large proteins
but allow most other solutes and water to pass though
Fenestrations
85
The __________ prevents filtration of medium to large
proteins such as globulins.
basement membrane
86
_______ Stops medium-sized proteins, not small ones
Podocytes
87
The wall of the DCT at that point forms a part of the JGA known as _________. This cluster of cuboidal epithelial cells monitors the fluid composition flowing through the DCT
macula densa.
88
In response to the concentration of Na+ in the fluid these cells release _________. They also have a single nonmotile cilium that responds to the rate of fluid
movement in tubule.
* The paracrine signals released in response to change in flow rate and Na+ concentration are________ and ________.
paracrine signals; ATP and adenosine.
89
A 2nd cell type in JGA is the juxtaglomerular cell which is a modified smooth muscle cell lining the _____. This smooth muscle can contract or relax in response to _____ or _____ released by macula densa.
afferent arteriole; ATP or
adenosine
90
If too much ____ the juxtaglomerular cells contract and decrease the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) so less plasma is filtered, leading to less urine formation and greater retention of fluid which will decrease Na+ concentration in DCT.
Na+; Na+ concentration in DCT.
91
If Na+ concentration too low the juxtaglomerular cells relax which increases GFR and enhancing the loss of water to urine, causing Na+ concentration to _____
causing Na+ concentration to rise.
92
The net result of ______ is to keep rate of filtration relatively constant.
juxtaglomerular cells contracting/relaxing and glomerular filtration rate GFR
93
Lined with simple cuboidal cells with microvilli on luminal
surface
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (PCT)
94
* Descending thick is made of simple cuboidal epithelium
similar to PCT.
* The thin portions for both are simple squamous epithelium.
* The ascending thick portion consists of simple cuboidal
similar to DCT
LOOP OF HENLE
95
* Made up of simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli but less microvilli and shorter than the PCT.
DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (DCT)
96
Lined with simple squamous epithelium with receptors for ADH. When stimulated by ADH these cells insert aquaporin channel
proteins into membranes which allows water to pass from the duct lumen through cells and into interstitial spaces to be recovered by the vasa recta. This increases water retention.
COLLECTING DUCTS
97
* 99% of filtrate is returned to circulation by reabsorption so
that only about 1-2L of urine produced per day.
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE
98
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure can be
controlled by both the afferent arteriole and
efferent arteriole
Arterioles have thick muscular layers that allow
them to relax and constrict to alter blood flow
Afferent arterioles can dilate to increase flow
into glomerulus and efferent arterioles can
constrict to decrease flow out of glomerulus
NET FILTRATION PRESSURE
AND KIDNEY ARTERIOLES
99
_____ movement is essential for the reabsorption of nutrients in renal tubules
Na+
100
More substances move across the membranes of the _____ than any
other portion of the nephron
PCT PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
101
About 67% of ____, ______, and ____ entering nephron is reabsorbed in
the PCT. Almost 100% of glucose, amino acids, and other organic substances such as vitamins are normally recovered here
H2O, Na+, and K+
102
Ascending loop of henle the thick portion is lined with _____________ It is completely impermeable to water due to the _____________ but ions mainly Na+ and Cl- are actively reabsorbed
by cotransport system.
simple cuboidal epithelium
without cilia;
absence of
aquaporin channels
103
This makes filtrate hypoosmotic by the time it reaches DCT. Pumping
NaCl into interstitial space contributes to______________
hyperosmotic environment of
kidney medulla.
104
Aldosterone _______ the amount of Na/K pumps in the basal membrane of DCT and collecting ducts. The movement of Na
out of the lumen of the collecting duct and DCT creates a______ charge that promotes the movement of Cl-
increases; negative
105
* This is where final adjustments of urine composition are made.
* Principle cells possess channels for the recovery or loss of Na+ and
K+.
* Intercalated cells secrete or absorbs acid or bicarbonate.
IN COLLECTING
DUCTS
106
* ADH causes aquaporin channels to be inserted into the apical membrane by principle cells. Water flows into peritubular capillaries.
* Principle cells have receptors for aldosterone. Aldosterone regulates _________. Principle cells manufactures _______ and ______ as well as Na/K pumps on the basal membrane.
More Na recovered and water too.
* Intercalated cells regulate _______. They reabsorb K+ and HCO3-
while secreting H+ into filtrate. This increases the acidity of urine.
Na+ recovery; luminal Na+
and K+ channels; blood pH
107
wastes are produced by the removal of __________. The ______ is converted into ammonia (NH3), ammonium ions (NH4+), urea, or uric acid
amine group of amino acids called deamination; amine
108
Nitrogen wastes come from several sources. Breakdown of _______, _____, _______
from muscle tissue
*________ is waste from the breakdown of purine nucleic acids
proteins, breakdown of nucleic acids, creatinine
from muscle tissue; Uric acid
