Respiratory Phys Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
Olfactory epithelium
A
sense of smell
2
Q
lines nasal cavity
A
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar with
goblet cells
3
Q
nasal cavity
A
– warms air due to high vascularity
– mucous moistens air & traps dust
– cilia move mucous towards pharynx
4
Q
Nasopharynx
A
From choanae to soft palate
5
Q
Nasopharynx
A
– openings of auditory (Eustachian) tubes from middle ear
cavity
6
Q
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
A
Passageway for air only
7
Q
Oropharynx
A
From soft palate to epiglottis
8
Q
Oropharynx
A
fauces is opening from mouth into oropharynx
– palatine tonsils found in side walls, lingual tonsil in tongue
9
Q
Oropharynx
A
Common passageway for food & air
– stratified squamous epithelium
10
Q
Oropharynx cells
A
– stratified squamous epithelium
11
Q
Laryngopharynx
A
- Extends from epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
12
Q
Laryngopharynx
A
– stratified squamous epithelium
13
Q
- Thyroid cartilage
A
forms Adam’s apple
14
Q
- Epiglottis
A
– Closes off larynx during swallowing
15
Q
- Cricoid cartilage
A
– ring of cartilage attached to top of trachea
16
Q
- Pair of arytenoid cartilages
A
sit upon cricoid cartilage
17
Q
Functions of the Larynx
A
- Protection of lungs
from aspiration - Site of voice
production - Forms entrance to
lungs
18
Q
Trachea (Windpipe)
A
splits into left and right
bronchi
19
Q
- Primary bronchi
A
supply each lung
20
Q
Secondary bronchi supply
A
each lobe of the lungs
21
Q
lung lobes
A
3 right + 2
left
22
Q
- Tertiary bronchi
A
supply each bronchopulmonary segment
23
Q
form a bronchial tree
A
- Repeated branchings called bronchioles
24
Q
Oblique & horizontal fissure in right lung results in
A
3
lobes
25
* Oblique fissure only in left lung
produces 2 lobes
26
Respiratory Bronchioles
* Level at which gas exchange begins in the lung
27
Alveoli
– Alveoli is where most gas exchange occurs
28
Cells Types of the Alveoli
* Type I alveolar cells
– simple squamous cells where gas exchange occurs
* Type II alveolar cells (septal cells)
– free surface has microvilli
– secrete alveolar fluid containing surfactant
* Alveolar dust cells
– wandering macrophages remove debris
29
– simple squamous cells where gas exchange
* Type I alveolar cells
30
– free surface has microvilli
– secrete alveolar fluid containing surfactant
* Type II alveolar cells (septal cells)
31
– wandering macrophages remove debris
* Alveolar dust cells
32
Alveolar-Capillary Membrane
*4 Layers of membrane to cross
33
4 Layers of alveolar membrane
– alveolar epithelial wall of type I cells
– alveolar epithelial basement membrane
– capillary basement membrane
– endothelial cells of capillary
34
covers lungs
Visceral pleura
35
lines ribcage & covers upper surface of diaphragm
parietal pleura
36
Innervation of the Diaphragm
phrenic nerves – left
and right
37
phrenic nerves – left
and right
Arise from ventral
branches of spinal
nerves from levels C3
to C5
38
– The movement of
air into and out
of the lungs
* Ventilation
39
Contraction of the diaphragm
flattens the dome and
increases the vertical dimension of the chest
40
Quiet Inspiration
Diaphragm moves 1 cm & ribs lifted by external
intercostals
41
Passive process with no muscle action
Quiet Inspiration
42
Active expiration
– abdominal mm force
diaphragm up
– internal intercostals
depress ribs
43
Forced inspiration
– sternocleidomastoid,
scalenes & pectoralis
minor lift chest
upwards as you gasp
for air
44
Detergent-like substance
surfactant produced by Type II alveolar
cells
45
surfactant produced by Type II alveolar
cells
– lowers alveolar surface tension
46
Airway Resistance
depends upon airway
size
47
– The smaller the caliber of the airway the greater
the resistance to air flow
– Most resistance found in the smaller airways
* bronchioles
– Calibre of these airways depends on smooth
muscle tone and amount of secretions in the
airways
Airway Resistance
48
Compliance of the Lungs
Ease with which lungs & chest wall expand
depends upon elasticity of lungs & surface
tension
49
The greater the compliance
the greater the ease
with which the lungs expand
50
Tidal volume =
amount air moved during quiet breathing
51
MVR=
minute ventilation is amount of air moved in a minute
52
Reserve volumes
- amount you can breathe either in or out
above that amount of tidal volume
53
Residual volume =
1200 mL permanently trapped air in system
54
Vital capacity & total lung capacity
sums of the other volumes
55
External Respiration
is the exchange of gases
between the alveoli and the blood
56
Internal Respiration
is the exchange of gases
between the blood and the tissues
57
Gradients and
Dalton’s Law
Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own
pressure
58
* Total pressure is sum of all partial pressures
Gradients and
Dalton’s Law
59
External Respiration
Gases diffuse from areas of high partial pressure to
areas of low partial pressure
60
Exchange of gas between air & blood
External Respiration
61
Deoxygenated blood becomes saturated with oxygen
and CO2 is removed
External Respiration
62
As acidity
increases,
O2
affinity for Hb
decreases
– Bohr effect
63
H+ binds to
hemoglobin
alters it’s shape
64
O2 left behind
in active tissues
Acidity & Oxygen Affinity for Hb
65
Carbon Dioxide Transport
3 ways
66
CO2 is carried by the blood (3 ways)
– dissolved in plasma 7%
– combined with the globin part of Hb molecule forming
carbaminohemoglobin 23%
– as part of bicarbonate ion 70%
67
Internal Respiration
Exchange of gases between blood & tissues
68
Conversion of oxygenated blood into
deoxygenated
– diffusion of O2 inward (blood to tissues)
– diffusion of CO2 outward (tissues to blood)
Internal Respiration
69
Respiratory
muscles controlled
by neurons in
pons
& medulla
70
Central chemoreceptors in medulla
– respond to changes in H+ or pCO2 in cerebrospinal fluid
71
Peripheral chemoreceptors
– respond to changes in H+ , pO2 or PCO2
72
Negative Feedback Regulation of Breathing
Increase in arterial pCO2
73
Surface tension of the alveoli is reduced by the secretion of:
surfactant
74
Which alveolar cells produce surfactant?
type II alveolar cells
75
residual volume
The amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of full expiration.
76
Boyles law
as the volume of the container increases the pressure within the container decreases
77
During external respiration, gases are exchanged between the:
alveoli and the blood
78
The process of moving air into and out of the lungs is referred to as:
ventilation
79
The pleura is:
the serous membrane surrounding the lungs
80
Which combination of muscles is involved in active expiration?
internal intercostals and abdominals
81
During internal respiration:
oxygen diffuses from the blood into the tissues
82
Hemoglobin will have increased affinity for oxygen when:
the temperature is decreased
83
The amount of air moved during quiet breathing is which of the following?
tidal volume
84
Most oxygen is transported in the blood by:
hemoglobin in red blood cells
85
The internal nose is lined by an epithelium that is designed to warm and humidify air as well as trap dust. The type of epithelium lining the internal nose is:
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
86
unctions of the nose except:
warming of inspired air
filtering of inspired air
collection point for mucous
87
A Type 1 alveolar cell is a:
simple squamous epithelial cells
88
Which muscle of quiet inspiration functions to increase thoracic volume by increasing the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity?
diaphragm
89
The function of the epiglottis is to
close off the larynx during swallowing
90
The exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood occurs over:
2 basement membranes and 2 simple squamous epithelium
91
The trachea divides into:
left and right bronchi
92
The two areas of the brain that contain respiration centers are the:
medulla and pons
93
Most carbon dioxide is transported in blood by:
conversion to bicarbonate ion
94
Each lung can be divided into segments supplied by secondary bronchi called:
Lobes
95
Gas exchange in the lung begins at the level of the:
respiratory bronchioles
96
Which portion of the pharynx receives the openings from the auditory (Eustachian) tubes?
nasopharynx
97
Airway resistance is affected primarily by the:
diameter of the bronchioles
98
All gases in a mixture of air exert a pressure that is proportional to the content of each gas. The pressure a single gas exerts is referred to as:
partial pressure
99
Compliance is affected primarily by the amount of elastic tissue in the lungs and the:
amount of surfactant
100
An increase in which chemical in the bloodstream will cause increased inhalation?
CO2
101
Which spinal levels contribute to the phrenic nerve?
C3-C5
102
The phrenic nerve is responsible for innervating the:
diaphragm
