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Research method Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

What is a lab experiment

A

Conducted in a controlled environment where IV observed by researcher to see effects on the DV

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2
Q

What is a field experiment

A

In a natural environment, IV still manipulated but done in an environment which is typical for behaviour being studied

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3
Q

What is a natural experiment

A

In natural environment but IV not directly manipulated but naturally occurring

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4
Q

What is a quasi experiment

A

IV based on existing differences between people all naturally occurring

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5
Q

Define aim

A

Identifies purpose of investigation

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6
Q

Define independent variable

A

Thing that is manipulated/changed

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7
Q

Define dependent variable

A

What’s measured

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8
Q

Define extraneous variable

A

Anything that impacts the DV that’s not the IV

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9
Q

What is operationalism

A

Explaining how the variables could be manipulated/measured

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10
Q

Define hypothosis

A

Testable statement often generated from a theory with either a predicted difference or predicted relationship between variables

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11
Q

What is a directional hypothosis

A

States the way they predict the results will go

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12
Q

What is a non-directional hypotheses

A

States there will be a difference but not what that will be

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13
Q

What is a null-hypothesis

A

no difference or difference down to chance

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14
Q

What are the 5 ethics a study must have

A

Deception, withdrawal, consent, protection from harm, privacy

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15
Q

What is Demand characteristics

A

Participants acting how they think they are supposed to act

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16
Q

What is a single blind design

A

Participants unaware of researchers aims

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17
Q

what is deception

A

lying about studys aim

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18
Q

what is the indirect investigator effect

A

cues from investigator that encourages curtain behaviour

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19
Q

what is a double blind trial

A

ppt and conductor both blind to aims and hypothosis

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20
Q

what are situational variables

A

features of research situation that influences behaviour

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21
Q

what are extranous variables

A

found beforehand and accounted for

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22
Q

what are confounding variables

A

didnt account for or eliminate beforehand that damages validity and changes DV

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23
Q

what is a pilot study

A

small scale study done before main study to look for improvments

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24
Q

what is a control group

A

neutral group to formulate comparisons with or set a baseline

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25
what is experimental design
way participants are used or arranged in experiments
26
what are independent group studies
study with 2 separate groups each doing different conditions of the study
27
pros of independent group studies
* order effects avoided as pps not used multiple times * data collection less time consuming * harder to guess aim
28
cons of independent group studies
* high recruitment needed * participant variables decreases validity * usually more expensive
29
what is a repeated measure study
all pps do all conditions
30
pros of repeated measure study
* cheaper and quicker * less effect of participant variables
31
cons of repeated measure study
* if pps drop out all data has to go * time consuming * boredom as do multiple tasks * work out aim of study
32
what is a matched pairs study
pps paired together on a variable based on study one pps then allocated to different condition
33
pros of matched pairs study
* order effects minumised * tailored participants
34
what is a population
large group researcher is interested in studying
35
cons of matched pairs studies
* can never match exactly * time consuming * expensive *complex to organise
36
what is a sample
small portion of target population
37
what is random sampling
all have equal chance of selection
38
evaluate random sampling
* unbiased * hard and time consuming to do * could be unrepresentative * selected pps could refuse participation
39
what is systematic sampling
every nth member selected from list
40
evaluate systematic sampling
* researcher has no control * time consuming * participation refusal
41
what is stratified sampling
researcher identifies subgroup and randomly chooses a sample of them
42
evaluate stratified sampling
* representative so can generalise * subgroup cant represent ways people are different
43
what is opportunity sampling
select anyone willing and able
44
evaluate opportunity sampling
* convenient * cheaper and quicker * could be unrepresentative so cannot generalise * researcher has complete control
45
what is volunteer sampling
participants select themselves
46
evaluate volunteer sampling
* easy to do * quick * higher engagement from pps * attract those who want to please researcher
47
what are naturalistic observations
naturally occurring variables but no IV
48
pros of naturalistic observations
* high external validity * generalisable
49
cons of naturalistic observations
* lack of control * replication hard * uncontrolled extraneous variables
50
what is a controlled observations
some variables controlled by researcher done in lab
51
pros of controlled observations
* repeatable
52
cons of controlled observations
* findings cannot be applied in real life settings
53
what are covert observations
pps dont know being observed
54
pros of covert observations
* natural behaviour increases validity
55
cons of covert observations
* ethical issues - need to be in public places
56
what are overt observations
pps know being observed
57
pros overt observations
more ethical as have concent
58
cons overt observations
may behave differently if know being watched
59
what are participant observations
observer takes part in behaviour being studied
60
pros of participant observations
experiencing it first hand so higher validity
61
cons of participant observations
may identify too strongly with group and loose focus
62
what are non-participant observations
observer just watches behaviour
63
pros non-participant observations
easier to keep objectives in mind
64
cons of non-participant observations
may miss insights into behaviours that can only be found from inside
65
what is event sampling
counting the number of times a curtain behaviour occurs in an individual
66
pro of event sampling
good when target behaviour happens infrequently
67
con of event sampling
if event too complex important details could be overlooked
68
what is time sampling
recording behaviours in a given time frame
69
pro of time sampling
reduces number of observations that have to be made
70
con of time sampling
could be unrepresentative sample
71
how can you graphically present data
* summary table * bar chart * scattergrams * histogram * line graph
72
what is qualitative data
thoughts feelings and opinions
73
what is quantitative data
numerical data
74
pros of qualitative data
* more detail * ideas more clear * more meaningful insight so increases external validity
75
cons of qualitative data
* hard to analyse * patterns and comparisons hard * bias interpretations
76
pros of quantitative data
* easily to analyse * less open for bias
77
cons of quantitative data
* data narrower in meaning * low external validity
78
pros of correlations
* quick and economical * can be used when unethical to manipulate variables to see if affect each other * research can be justified if correlation is found
79
cons of correlation
* doesn't determine cause and effect relationships
80
what is correlation coefficient
number representing strength of correlation

Psychology (10 decks)

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