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Research methods 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the types of experimental design ?

A

independent groups, matched participants and repeated measures

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2
Q

How do independent groups work?

A

participants are randomly allocated to two (or kore) separate groups . group A does one condition and group B does the other

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3
Q

how does matched participants work ?

A

pairs of participants are created by matching them closely on specific criteria. one half does condition A and the other does condition B

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4
Q

how does repeated measures work?

A

each participant completes all conditions

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5
Q

what are the sampling methods ?

A

opportunity sampling , volunteer sampling , systematic sampling and random sampling

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6
Q

what is opportunity sampling ?

A

using whoever happens to be available

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7
Q

what is volunteer sampling ?

A

relies solely on volunteers , involves advertisement

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8
Q

what is systematic sampling ?

A

a sampling frame is used , a list of the population under study , each member on the list is given a number and the sample is selected using every third or tenth person

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9
Q

what is random sampling ?

A

all possible items/ people included in the population have an equal chance of selection , a sample frame is used and a number can randomly be selected by using random number tables or other methods

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10
Q

what is the hypothesis ?

A

a testable statement of prediction

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11
Q

what does the alternative/ experimental hypothesis state?

A

that there will be a significant relationship between two variables / one variable will have an effect on another/ there will be a significant difference between two sets of data

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12
Q

what does a directional hypothesis predict?

A

the specific direction of the results

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13
Q

what does a non- directional hypothesis predict

A

a difference of that one variable will affect another

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14
Q

what does a null hypothesis state ?

A

there is no significant relationship, one variable will have no effect on another, no significant difference between two sets of data

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15
Q

what is the independent variable ?

A

the variable which the experimenter manipulates

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16
Q

what is the dependent variable?

A

the one which the experimenter measures and that is effected by the independent

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17
Q

what are the different experiment types ?

A

laboratory experiment , field experiment, natural experiment , quasi experiment

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18
Q

what is a lab experiment ?

A

carried out in a controlled environment , independent variable directly manipulated by the research , participants are aware of being in the experiment

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19
Q

what is a field experiment?

A

an experiment carried outside the laboratory, it is possible to indicate cause and effect, participants usually unaware that they are participating, behaviour is natural

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20
Q

what is a natural experiment?

A

where the independent variable has not been manipulated by the researcher directly, the researcher takes advantage of a naturally occurring IV, conclusions of cause and effect can only be tentatively drawn, can be in a lab setting

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21
Q

What is a quasi-experiment?

A

naturally occurring IV that is simply a difference between people such as gender or age, can be a natural or lab setting

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22
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of repeated measures?

A

it eliminates participant variables, fewer participants required vs. performance in second condition could be affected by the fact that they had already completed one condition, increased chance of demand characteristics

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23
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of independent groups?

A

there are no order effects, reduced chance of demand characteristics, possible to use the same stimulus materials vs. not easy to control participant variables, more participants required

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24
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of matched pairs?

A

possible to use the same stimulus, reduced chances of demand characteristics vs. difficult to match participants exactly, some participant variables are still present, more participants required

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25
What are extraneous or uncontrolled variables?
any variables that you have failed to control that could affect your results in some way
26
What is a cofounding variable?
a variable other than the independent variable that may account for the change in the dependent variable.
27
What is a pilot study?
a small scale trial run of a study to test any aspect of the design with a view to making improvements if necessary
28
what are the aims of piloting?
check that all aspects of the design are appropriate, identify any flaws in the research design, address these flaws by adjusting the study to overcome them
29
what are investigator effects?
when something about the investigator has an effect on the behaviour of the participants, so that they respond differently to how they would normally, can have a serious effect on the validity of research findings
30
What are some examples of researcher effects?
researcher's characteristics, behaviour, expectations
31
What are demand characteristics?
an aspect of the research situation. the cues in a research study which convey the hypothesis to the participants, the participants act accordingly to the research situation they find themselves in
32
What will observations carried out in psychological investigations do?
focus on specific behaviours or events, have clear operational definitions, follow an objective system for observing and recording behaviours and/or events
33
What is the observational method useful for?
to find out how people actually behave in particular situations rather tan how we think they behave
34
What uses does the observational method have?
can be used to observe naturally occurring behaviour in natural settings
35
What are the different types of observations?
naturalistic and controlled, participant and non-participant, overt and covert, structured and unstructured
36
what is the difference between a naturalistic and a controlled observation?
in naturalistic the investigator observes natural behaviour and doesn't try to influence it in any way whereas in controlled the observation is carried out in a lab setting in an attempt to control certain variables
37
What is the difference between a participant and non-participant observation?
the researcher interacts with the people they are observing in participant whereas in non-participant the observer observes from a distance and doesn't interact
38
What is the difference between an overt and covert observation?
an overt observation is when the participants are aware that they are being observed and a covert is when they are not aware
39
What is the difference between a structured and an unstructured observation?
structured - prior to the observation the researcher devises a standardised checklist to record the frequency of behaviours that occur unstructured - no pre-planned checklist the researcher just records behaviours or events they consider to be of importance
40
What are the two methods of sampling behaviour?
time and event sampling
41
What is time sampling?
observing and recording the behaviour that occurs at a series of given points in time
42
What is event sampling?
observing and recording each time a particular behaviour occurs
43
what does an interview involve?
a conversational exchange between the interviewer and one or more other individuals
44
what are interviews useful for?
gathering detailed information and enabling a flexible approach to questioning, finding out about behaviour, thoughts and attitudes not obtainable by other methods
45
What do structured interviews involve?
questions that are decided in advance, they can be closed or open. if closed questions are used than quantitative data can be gained
46
What do semi-structured interviews involve?
the use of some prepared questions with others added during the interview, additional questions provide opportunities for the interviewee to expand their answer
47
What are unstructured interviews?
less rigid, interviewer may have an idea of some of some of the issues they want to explore but the questions aren't decided in advance, likely to produce qualitative data
48
advantages and limitations of interview method?
can talk to them face to face, ask questions as you go, qualitative and quantitative data vs investigator effects
49
What does a survey/questionnaire involve?
asking a large sample of people for information on a specific topic, important the researcher selects a representative sample so they can make generalisations from findings
50
what are surveys a useful tool for measuring?
people's attitudes, perceptions and personality
51
what kind of scale is often used when measuring people's attitudes through questionnaire's
a likert scale, allows the respondent to strongly agree, agree, disagree etc
52
what is correlational analysis used for?
by researchers to look at the relationship between two variables
53
what's a positive correlation?
two variables increase or decrease together
54
what's a negative correlation?
one variable increases but the other decreases
55
what is used to display correlational data?
a scattergram shows what sort of correlation has been obtained
56
advantages of correlational method?
allows a researcher to measure relationship between naturally occurring variables, indicate trends
57
disadvantages of correlational method?
does not allow the researcher to establish cause and effect, difficult to control extraneous variables
58
what is content analysis?
a research tool used to analyse the content of various forms of communication
59
how is content analysis carried out?
media e.g. text, film is coded into categories, researchers analyse the presence of words, meanings, concepts and then count the frequency of occurrence, analyses the data by turning qualitative to quantitative
60
what may create a sampling bias?
recruiting participants can be difficult, sometimes coercion is used, some subjects will volunteer. a bias means that findings can't be generalised

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