Research methods 2

Question 1

what is deception?

Answer 1

to deliberately mislead the participant about some aspect of the research

Question 2

what is lack of informed consent?

Answer 2

failure to give comprehensive information concerning the nature and purpose of the investigatioN

Question 3

what is failure to protect participants from harm?

Answer 3

could be physical or psychological

Question 4

name three other ethical issues?

Answer 4

failure to give the right to withdraw from the investigation, lack of confidentiality, invasion of privacy

Question 5

how would you deal with lack of informed consent?

Answer 5

presumptive consent can be gained instead

Question 6

how is deception dealt with?

Answer 6

participants should be debriefed after the study

Question 7

how is the right to withdraw dealt with?

Answer 7

participants should be fully informed that they have the right to withdraw

Question 8

how could you deal with harm to participants?

Answer 8

avoid any risks greater than experienced in everyday life, stop the study if harm is protected

Question 9

how is confidentiality maintained?

Answer 9

researchers should not record the names of any participants

Question 10

what is nominal data?

Answer 10

data counted into categories

Question 11

what is ordinal data?

Answer 11

rating on a scale or ranking in order

Question 12

what is interval and ratio data?

Answer 12

a precise measurement where each point on the scale is an equal distance apart
interval ratio does not have a true zero point but ratio data does

Question 13

which measure of central tendency can be used with nominal data? what graph or chart?

Answer 13

mode/ bar chart or pie chart

Question 14

which measure of central tendency can be used with ordinal data? what graph or chart?

Answer 14

median and mode/ bar chart or scattergraph

Question 15

which measure of central tendency can be used with interval and ratio data? what graph or chart?

Answer 15

mean, median and mode/ histograms, frequency polygon, bar charts, scattergraph

Question 16

which measures of dispersion can be used with interval and ratio data?

Answer 16

range. interquartile range and standard deviation

Question 17

What do measures of dispersion do?

Answer 17

measure how spread out the scores are within a set of data.`

Question 18

what is standardisation?

Answer 18

the process in which procedures used in research are kept the same

Question 19

what is operationilastion?

Answer 19

when a variable is defined by the researcher and a way of measuring that variable is developed

Question 20

what is randomisation?

Answer 20

used in trials to avoid any systematic errors that might occur as a result of the order in which the trials take place

Question 21

what is qualitative data?

Answer 21

data that is non-numerical

Question 22

what are the advantages and disadvantages of qualitative data?

Answer 22

more meaningful, shows opinions however can show opinions and impressions of researcher

Question 23

what is quantitative data?

Answer 23

refers to numerical data

Question 24

what are the advantages and disadvantages of quantitative data?

Answer 24

objective and allows for accurate conclusions to be drawn

Question 25

what is peer review?

Answer 25

the process by which psychological research papers, prior to publication, are subjected to independent scrutiny by other psychologists working in a similar field. the research is assessed in terms of its validity, significance and originality.

Question 26

why is peer review important?

Answer 26

it provides a way of checking validity of research, making a judgement about the credibility of the research and assessing the quality and appropriateness of the design and methodology

Question 27

what does peer review help prevent?

Answer 27

incorrect/faulty data getting into the public domain

Question 28

what are some limitations of peer review?

Answer 28

it's not always possible to find an appropriate expert to review a research proposal, peer review tends to favour the publication of positive results but research where the null is accepted is also important, it has been argued that it measures the acceptability not the validity of a new finding as science is generally resistant to large shifts in opinion

Question 29

what does reliability refer to?

Answer 29

consistency of a measuring instrument

Question 30

how is reliability measured?

Answer 30

by assessing inter-rater reliability, split-half reliability and test re-test reliability

Question 31

what is inter-rater reliability?

Answer 31

the extent to which there is an agreement between two or more raters, it is often used for observation research and content analysis

Question 32

how is inter-rater reliability assessed?

Answer 32

after two observers individually observe the same thing, their data is compared and correlated, a positive correlation means there is inter-rater reliability

Question 33

what does split-half (internal) reliability measure?

Answer 33

internal consistency of a test by splitting a test in half and correlating data, a positive correlation indicates consistency

Question 34

what does test re-test reliability measure?

Answer 34

consistency over time, the same test is done multiple times, a positive correlation between first and second testing indicates consistency

Question 35

what is validity?

Answer 35

the extent to which a measuring instrument measures what it claims to measure

Question 36

what is internal validity?

Answer 36

did the researcher test what they intended to test

Question 37

what can internal validity be reduced by?

Answer 37

researcher effects, demand characteristics and participant reactivity

Question 38

what is external validity?

Answer 38

the extent to which the findings of the study can be generalised beyond the study to; other situations (ecological), other people (population), other cultures (cross-cultural) and other times (temporal)

Question 39

how can validity be measured?

Answer 39

face validity - ask independent judges if they think the measuring instrument measures what it set out to concurrent validity - compare performance on a new test with another previously established test measuring the same thing, if there is a positive correlation the new test has concurrent validity

Question 40

what are the features of scientific method?

Answer 40

``` Empirical method Objectivity Control Replicability Falsifiability Hypothesis testing Theory construction ```