Research Methods+approaches

Question 1

Ethics

Answer 1

Debriefs, informed consent, deception,confidentiality, protection from harm

Question 2

Sampling

Answer 2

Random(lottery)
Systematic(nth person)
Stratified(pie chart)
Opportunity(around at time)
Volunteer(self selection)

Question 3

Experimental methods

Answer 3

=manipulation of IV to measure effect on DV
Aim/hypothesis
Directional vs non directional hypothesis, experiment vs correlation(continuoum)

Question 4

Controlling variables

Answer 4

Control/experimental condition
Operationalise v
Demand characteristics( please u screw u)+investigator effect
Randomisation(eg hat names)
Single/double blind procedures(what condition)
Standardisation(same for all p)

Question 5

Experimental designs

Answer 5

Independent groups
Repeated measures
Matched pairs

Question 6

Types of experiment

Answer 6

Lab
Natural(IV changes w out researcher)
Field(natural setting, researcher manipulates IV)
Quasi(IV not determined)

Question 7

Pilot studies

Answer 7

Small scale investigation before real
Check procedures etc work before
Good:
See if valid, saves time/money long term,practice for recorder
Bad:
Wastes time/money short term if not needed, more p required, may tell others

Question 8

Observations

Answer 8

Not experiments/no IV
Covert(w out knowledge)
overt( w knowledge of p)
Naturalistic(normal setting)
controlled( structured env. Some v managed)
Participant(researcher in group)
Non participant( outside group)

Question 9

Interviews

Answer 9

Structured
Un structured
Semi structured 
Errors:
Overuse of jargon, emotive language+ leading Qs, double barrelled questions/negatives

Question 10

Designing observation

Answer 10

Structured(systems to organise observations eg sampling)
Un structured( recorded in max detail, used for rare behaviours)

Question 11

Questionnaires

Answer 11

Open/closed Qs

Qualitative/quantitative data

Question 12

Case studies

Answer 12

Unusual individuals/events too unethical to study w manipulation
Qualitative and quantitative data
Eg patient HM and little Albert

Question 13

Content analysis

Answer 13

Thematic analysis(themes picked out after)
Content analysis(pre conceived categories)
Coding(for content analysis-placing data into categories)

Question 14

Types of Data

Answer 14

Qualitative(wordy)

Quantitative(numerical)

Question 15

Descriptive statistics

Answer 15

Mean
Mode
Median
Range
Standard deviation

Question 16

Correlations

Answer 16

Positive(one increases so does other)
Negative(one increases other decreases)
Ranges -1.0 to+1.0

Question 17

Graphs

Answer 17

Bar chart
Histogram
Line graph
Scattergram
Pie charts
Results table

Question 18

Distributions

Answer 18

Positive(more at front)
Negative(more at back)
Bell curve-68.26% one sd, 95.44% two sd

Question 19

Peer review

Answer 19

Aims:
Allocate research funding
Validate quality and quantity of research
Suggest amendments/improvements

Question 20

Psychology and the economy

Answer 20

Psych research influences/affects/benefits/devalued production of goods/services/money
Social change, improving memory, attachment, psychopathology,biopsychology

Question 21

Maths skills

Answer 21

%increase/decrease:

Final-initial/initial X +-100

Question 22

Origins of psych

Answer 22

Wundt+introspection(break awareness into structures of thoughts, images+sensations by looking into mind)
Father of psych, set up first psych lab, used introspection, experience analysed in component parts, paved the way

Question 23

Psychodynamic approach

Answer 23

Role of unconscious
Structure of personality
Psychosexual stages

Question 24

Role of unconscious

Answer 24

Conscious-iceberg we can see,what we know of
Pre conscious-look into water can see some
Unconscious-Freudian slips,creativity,neurotic symptoms, dreams

Question 25

Structure of personality

Answer 25

Id-0-18m pleasure principle Ego-18m-3 reality principle, mediator Superego-3-6 morality principle,moral standards of same sex parent

Question 26

Defence mechanisms

Answer 26

Distort reality to reduce anxiety as it weakens ego Repression Denial Displacement

Question 27

Psychosexual stages

Answer 27

``` Oral-0-1 Anal-1-3 Phallic-3-5 Latency Genital-puberty ```

Question 28

Oedipus/Electra

Answer 28

``` Oedipus= incestuous love for mother+hatred for rival father,fear of castration repress feelings+identify w father Electra= girls of same age experience penis envy hate mother, desire replaced w desire for baby+identity w mother ```

Question 29

Behaviourist approach

Answer 29

Classical/operant conditioning | Passive, all behaviour learnt from experience

Question 30

Classical conditioning

Answer 30

Learn through association Pavlovs dog Conditioned/unconditioned response/stimulus, neutral stimulus

Question 31

Operant conditioning

Answer 31

Positive reinforcement-reward Negative reinforcement-threat Punishment Skinner box

Question 32

Social learning theory

Answer 32

Attention,retain, reproduced,motivated ARRM | Can be indirect/vicarious,choose what to remember/attend to, pattern can become fixed

Question 33

SLT banduras research

Answer 33

Bobo doll Aggressive model Non aggressive model Control

Question 34

statistical testing+ probability

Answer 34

null hypothesis>5% chance results by chance experimental hypothesis<5% by chance Type one errors=false positive type two errors=false negative

Question 35

SLT ARRM

Answer 35

attention retain reproduced motivated

Question 36

Null hypothesis

Answer 36

no difference/relationship between 2 things, any difference or relationship is due to chance, more than 5%

Question 37

Experimental(lab, field, natural, quasi)/alternative(anything else e.g interview) hypothesis

Answer 37

there is a difference/ relationship between 2 things, any difference or relationship is due to something happening, less than 5%

Question 38

Type 1 error

Answer 38

false positive, null hypothesis has been wrongly rejected

Question 39

Type 2 error

Answer 39

false negative, exp /alt hypothesis wrongly rejected

Question 40

Levels of measurement- funnel

Answer 40

Nominal-crudest, sunny or not ordinal-"unsafe" measurement, ordered but lacks equal intervals interval-"safe" measurement, numerical scales of equal size between units

Question 41

What stat testing category is split into related or unrelated

Answer 41

test of difference