research methods of neuroscience

Question 1

name the levels of description in neuroscience

Answer 1

psychological 
system
microcircuits
neuronal
intracellualr
molecular

Question 2

name research constraints

Answer 2

time
money
ethics
faciliaties

Question 3

what does an x ray technique do

Answer 3

confirm location of foreign objects - which are different to body

Question 4

what does a contrast x ray show

Answer 4

contrast betwen intravascular and extravascular parts of body

Question 5

how to run a contrast x ray

Answer 5

inject contrast agent into body

Question 6

what does mri stand for

Answer 6

magnetic resonance imaging

Question 7

describe the mri process

Answer 7

use of energy in frequency waves and the enegry absorbed which is measured in the body
difference between white and grey matter

Question 8

describe PET scanning

Answer 8

use of radioactive tracer to measure levels of radioactivity

Question 9

advantage of PET

Answer 9

good temporal resolution

Question 10

disadvantage of PET

Answer 10

weak spatial resolution

Question 11

how is eeg measured

Answer 11

use of ERPS which is the average sigal over many trials

Question 12

when do small waves occur in eeg

Answer 12

far field potentials - occur far away from brain stem nuclei

Question 13

how is fmri measured

Answer 13

use of BOLD to measure activity of oxygen flow in the brain

Question 14

what is the contrast agent for fmri

Answer 14

blood

Question 15

how is meg measured

Answer 15

electrical current of cells in white blood matter induce magnetic field

Question 16

does eeg or meg have better temporal resolution

Answer 16

MEG

Question 17

define TMS

Answer 17

trans-magentic stimulation

Question 18

how does tms work

Answer 18

turn off areas of cortex
inhibit or excite tissue
induce current

Question 19

what does tms allow you to do

Answer 19

measure cog function whilst some areas of brain are turned off

Question 20

what are the 3 r principles of neuroscience methods

Answer 20

replacement
refienment
reduction

Question 21

what are the strengths of using an invasive method

Answer 21

1) direct measurment of brain cells
2) determine connectivity betwen structures
3) allows circuit disurptions
4) lesion specific structures

Question 22

what is intracellular unit recoding

Answer 22

electrode placed inside cell to measure brain activity inside cell

Question 23

what is extracellular unit recording

Answer 23

measurements of large cell recordings

Question 24

how can you determine connectivity between structures

Answer 24

observe effect of one stimulation on another brain region

Question 25

how can you measure circuit disruptions

Answer 25

cut connection in a brain structure measure effect on structures record behaviour and activity

Question 26

what do lesion structures show

Answer 26

show which structures are responsible for which functions

Question 27

where does an aspiration lesion occur

Answer 27

corticol tissue

Question 28

what is a knife cut lesion

Answer 28

sectioning process

Question 29

what is a reversible lesion

Answer 29

eliminates brain activity while tests conducted

Question 30

what are pharmological research methods

Answer 30

effect of drugs on thoughts/behaviour

Question 31

do all drugs have the same neurotransmission

Answer 31

different drugs have different points of neurotransmission

Question 32

when is pharmological mri used

Answer 32

both animals and humans

Question 33

name ways in which drugs change neurotransmission

Answer 33

1) some block reuptake - increase availability 2) mimic effects of neurotransmitter 3) some block receptor

Question 34

what are APP knockout mice

Answer 34

overproduction of amyloid

Question 35

name 2 genetic manipulations

Answer 35

1. engineering | 2. optogenetics

Question 36

define optogenetics

Answer 36

technique that uses specific brain cells sensitive to light | can be controlled

Question 37

what is the technique optogenetics used for

Answer 37

used in animals to observe accurate target of specific cells

Question 38

what is a retrograde tracer

Answer 38

tracing backwards to brain regions

Question 39

what method is used to decide between invasive and non invasive methods

Answer 39

cost and benefit analysis | trade off