Resp 8

Question 1

is breathing subconscious

Answer 1

yes - spontaneously firing networks of neurons in the brain

Question 2

can skeletal muscles that control ventilation contract spontaneously

Answer 2

no they are controlled by somatic motor neurons

Question 3

where are the spontaneously firing networks of neurons

Answer 3

medulla

Question 4

what is the ventilation network in the medulla controlled by

Answer 4

sensory and chemoreceptors

Question 5

what will damage to the medulla cause

Answer 5

stop breathing

Question 6

damage to what will cause shaky breathing

Answer 6

pons

Question 7

what controls breathing

Answer 7

neurons in the medulla

Question 8

what does the DRG (dorsal respiratory group) do

Answer 8

controls primary inspiratory muscles

Question 9

what does the PRG (pontine respiratory group) do

Answer 9

receives sensory info from DRG and coordinates a smooth respiratory rhythm

Question 10

does the PRG create the rhythm of breathing

Answer 10

no it just modulates it

Question 11

what contains the pre-botzinger complex

Answer 11

VRG

Question 12

what does the pre-botzinger complex contain

Answer 12

pacemaker neurons that may initiate respiration

Question 13

what does the VRG (ventral respiratory group) do

Answer 13

controls muscles of active inspiration and expiration (secondary muscles)
and gives outputs that keep upper airways open

Question 14

what kind of loop is inspiration, why?

Answer 14

rapid positive feedback loop
it recruits more neurons “ramping” and recruiting more outputs to inspiratory muscles

Question 15

what acts as a buffer in RBCs to increase CO2 uptake?

Answer 15

hemoglobin binding to free hydrogen

Question 16

what are the peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 16

aortic and carotid bodies

Question 17

what do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to (3)

Answer 17

decrease in PO2
Increase in hydrogen
Increase in CO2

Question 18

whats responsible for detecting changes in O2, pH and CO2 in the carotid body

Answer 18

type 1 glomus cell

Question 19

what do type 1 glomus cells communicate with in carotid bodies

Answer 19

CN IX afferent neurons

Question 20

does it take a large drop in arteriole PO2 to trigger peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 20

yes

Question 21

what do glomus cells signal to

Answer 21

medullary centres to increase ventilation

Question 22

where are central chemoreceptors located

Answer 22

medulla

Question 23

what do central chemoreceptors do

Answer 23

provide continuous input to respiratory control centre

Question 24

what change do central chemoreceptors mainly respond to

Answer 24

changes in PCO2

Question 25

what can PCO2 diffuse into

Answer 25

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 26

what activates central chemoreceptors

Answer 26

lots of CO2

Question 27

what percent of CO2 is mediated by central chemoreceptors

Answer 27

70% primary

Question 28

which chemoreceptor only monitors a decrease in CO2

Answer 28

central chemoreceptors

Question 29

Which of the following changes in the plasma would result in increased ventilation? Increased PO2 Increased pH Decreased PCO2 Increased H+

Answer 29

increased H+

Question 30

what are irritant receptors

Answer 30

receptors that respond to inhaled particles or noxious gases

Question 31

what do irritant receptors do

Answer 31

activate parasympathetic output to cause bronchoconstriction that leads to rapid shallow breathing to deposit irritant in mucosa

Question 32

what receptors cause coughing or sneezing

Answer 32

irritant receptors

Question 33

what prevents over inflation of the lung reflex (Hering-Breuer inflation reflex)

Answer 33

stretch receptors

Question 34

what is the cerebral cortex-voluntary control over breathing for

Answer 34

talking purposes

Question 35

what will override that conscious effort to hold your breath

Answer 35

chemoreceptors

Question 36

why is it suggested that there would be a feedforward component to the ventilatory response

Answer 36

because ventilation rate jumps as soon as exercise begins, even without any changes in PO2 or PCO2

Question 37

how much can ventilation increase during exercise

Answer 37

20 fold

Question 38

what doesn't really influence ventilation during exercise ? what does?

Answer 38

O2 and CO2 hydrogen influences it

Question 39

Significant changes in ventilation during exercise are primarily caused by alterations in PO2 and PCO2 True False

Answer 39

false

Question 40

if there Is a decrease in PO2 in tissues during exercise, what is the cause?

Answer 40

cardiovascular system