Resp Session1

Question 1

Boyle’s Law

Answer 1

If temp constant, pressure is inversely proportional to vol

Question 2

Charles’ Law

Answer 2

Pressure is proportional to absolute temp

Question 3

universal Gas law

Answer 3

pressure x vol = Gas constant x temp

Question 4

Define partial pressure and calculation

Answer 4

Gases behave independently, pp is portion of total pressure

same as fraction of volume in gas mixture

Question 5

vapour pressure

Answer 5

water molecules that evaporate exert their own partial pressure

Question 6

Saturated Vapour pressure and relevance in lungs

Answer 6

when gas entering and leaving water is equal

when gases enter the body they are completely saturated with water vapour so don’t dry out the lungs

Question 7

Define Tension in water

Answer 7

How readily a gas will leave the liquid

At ebb tension=partial pressure

Question 8

Content of gas in water

Answer 8

Solubility (how easily a gas dissolves) x Tension

Question 9

Tidal Vol

Answer 9

amount of air displaced between inspiration and expiration when no extra effort is exerted

Question 10

Optimum ventilation/perfusion ratio and how it is achieved

Answer 10

0.8
hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (hypoxia of alveoli causes vasoconstriction therefore greater flow to well ventilated alveoli)
chronic leads to RV failure

Question 11

Define lower respiratory tract and what it consists of

Answer 11

The parts lying inside of the thorax
Trachea, Bronchi, Lobar Bronchi (3 on left, 2 on right, have cartilage), Segmental Bronchi, Sub segmental bronchi, bronchioles (no cartilage, more SMC), terminal bronchioles,
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

Question 12

Define upper respiratory tract and what it consists of

Answer 12

Parts outside of the thorax

Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx

Question 13

Why do bronchi have cartilaginous rings?

Answer 13

Hold them open to provide path for air

Question 14

Why do bronchioles have more SMC

Answer 14

Increase volume to draw air in

Question 15

What are Conchae (or terbinates) and what are they for?

Answer 15

Folds in the nasal cavity offering vast heat exchange to warm air.

Question 16

Name the 5 sinuses

Answer 16

Paranasal, Frontal, Ethmoidal, Sphenoidal, Maxillary

Question 17

Three parts of the pharynx

Answer 17

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx (hypopharynx)

Question 18

Describe nasopharynx

Answer 18

Posterior nasal cavity to soft palate
Respiratory function
Lymphoid tissues aggregate to form tonsils

Question 19

Describe Oropharynx

Answer 19

Extends from soft palate to superior border of epiglottis,
digestive function (involved in swallowing)

Question 20

Describe Laryngopharynx

Answer 20

Posterior to larynx, superior border of epiglottis to inferior border of circoid cartilage, then continuous with oesophagus

Question 21

Describe the position of the larynx

Answer 21

Anterior to laryngopharynx, extends from laryngeal input down to level of inferior border of circoid cartilage and becomes continuous with the trachea

Question 22

Larynx’s function

Answer 22

Guard trachea during swallowing

Voice box contained there, nine cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments (vocal chords)

Question 23

How is the cavity in the middle air connected to respiratory pathways?

Answer 23

Via the eustachian tube to the nasopharynx

Question 24

what is the olfactory region of the nose?

Answer 24

Organ of smell

Question 25

Histology of non olfactory nasal regions

Answer 25

Ciliated pseudo stratified epithelium, | mucous glands and venous plexuses that swell to alternate air flow through nostrils to prevent drying

Question 26

Histology of olfactory nasal regions

Answer 26

V Thick pseudo stratified epithelium, no goblet cells, serous glands flush odorants from epithelial surface

Question 27

Histology of Larynx

Answer 27

Ventricular folds: pseudostratified, | Vocal chords: stratified squamous, stop foreign objects reaching lungs

Question 28

Histology of Trachea

Answer 28

Pseudostratified ciliated, Lamina propia Seromucus glands C shaped cartilaginous rings

Question 29

Histology of primary bronchi

Answer 29

Similar to trachea but cartilaginous rings encircle lumen

Question 30

Histology of lobar and segmental bronchi

Answer 30

Similar to primary bronchi but crescent shaped cartilage

Question 31

Histology of Bronchus

Answer 31

Small islands of cartilage, glands in submucosa

Question 32

Histology of Bronchiole

Answer 32

Na cartilage or glands, surrounding alveoli keep the lumen open, goblet cells give way to clara cells, secrete surfactant lipoprotein and PCC16, indicator to bronchoalveolar damage No goblet cells in terminal bronchioles

Question 33

Raised and lowered CC16

Answer 33

``` lowered = lung damage raised= leakage across barrier ```

Question 34

Histology of alveoli

Answer 34

``` Type 1 pneumocytes (squamous) permitting gas exchange T2 pneumocytes (cuboidal) produce surfactant Surrounded by network of elastin and reticular fibres and macrophages scattered ```

Question 35

What is the glottis?

Answer 35

2 vocal chords and the opening