Flashcards in Resp Session1 Deck (35):
1
Boyle's Law
If temp constant, pressure is inversely proportional to vol
2
Charles' Law
Pressure is proportional to absolute temp
3
universal Gas law
pressure x vol = Gas constant x temp
4
Define partial pressure and calculation
Gases behave independently, pp is portion of total pressure
same as fraction of volume in gas mixture
5
vapour pressure
water molecules that evaporate exert their own partial pressure
6
Saturated Vapour pressure and relevance in lungs
when gas entering and leaving water is equal
when gases enter the body they are completely saturated with water vapour so don't dry out the lungs
7
Define Tension in water
How readily a gas will leave the liquid
At ebb tension=partial pressure
8
Content of gas in water
Solubility (how easily a gas dissolves) x Tension
9
Tidal Vol
amount of air displaced between inspiration and expiration when no extra effort is exerted
10
Optimum ventilation/perfusion ratio and how it is achieved
0.8
hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (hypoxia of alveoli causes vasoconstriction therefore greater flow to well ventilated alveoli)
chronic leads to RV failure
11
Define lower respiratory tract and what it consists of
The parts lying inside of the thorax
Trachea, Bronchi, Lobar Bronchi (3 on left, 2 on right, have cartilage), Segmental Bronchi, Sub segmental bronchi, bronchioles (no cartilage, more SMC), terminal bronchioles,
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
12
Define upper respiratory tract and what it consists of
Parts outside of the thorax
Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx
13
Why do bronchi have cartilaginous rings?
Hold them open to provide path for air
14
Why do bronchioles have more SMC
Increase volume to draw air in
15
What are Conchae (or terbinates) and what are they for?
Folds in the nasal cavity offering vast heat exchange to warm air.
16
Name the 5 sinuses
Paranasal, Frontal, Ethmoidal, Sphenoidal, Maxillary
17
Three parts of the pharynx
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx (hypopharynx)
18
Describe nasopharynx
Posterior nasal cavity to soft palate
Respiratory function
Lymphoid tissues aggregate to form tonsils
19
Describe Oropharynx
Extends from soft palate to superior border of epiglottis,
digestive function (involved in swallowing)
20
Describe Laryngopharynx
Posterior to larynx, superior border of epiglottis to inferior border of circoid cartilage, then continuous with oesophagus
21
Describe the position of the larynx
Anterior to laryngopharynx, extends from laryngeal input down to level of inferior border of circoid cartilage and becomes continuous with the trachea
22
Larynx's function
Guard trachea during swallowing
Voice box contained there, nine cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments (vocal chords)
23
How is the cavity in the middle air connected to respiratory pathways?
Via the eustachian tube to the nasopharynx
24
what is the olfactory region of the nose?
Organ of smell
25
Histology of non olfactory nasal regions
Ciliated pseudo stratified epithelium,
mucous glands and venous plexuses that swell to alternate air flow through nostrils to prevent drying
26
Histology of olfactory nasal regions
V Thick pseudo stratified epithelium, no goblet cells, serous glands flush odorants from epithelial surface
27
Histology of Larynx
Ventricular folds: pseudostratified,
Vocal chords: stratified squamous, stop foreign objects reaching lungs
28
Histology of Trachea
Pseudostratified ciliated,
Lamina propia
Seromucus glands
C shaped cartilaginous rings
29
Histology of primary bronchi
Similar to trachea but cartilaginous rings encircle lumen
30
Histology of lobar and segmental bronchi
Similar to primary bronchi but crescent shaped cartilage
31
Histology of Bronchus
Small islands of cartilage, glands in submucosa
32
Histology of Bronchiole
Na cartilage or glands, surrounding alveoli keep the lumen open, goblet cells give way to clara cells, secrete surfactant lipoprotein and PCC16, indicator to bronchoalveolar damage
No goblet cells in terminal bronchioles
33
Raised and lowered CC16
lowered = lung damage
raised= leakage across barrier
34
Histology of alveoli
Type 1 pneumocytes (squamous) permitting gas exchange
T2 pneumocytes (cuboidal) produce surfactant
Surrounded by network of elastin and reticular fibres and macrophages scattered
35