Respi Flashcards
(304 cards)
1
Q
What structure do the lungs develop from?
A
Laryngotracheal diverticulum - foregut endoderm, thoracic splanchnic mesenchyme
2
Q
The development of the upper part of the respiratory system is associated with
A
The development of the oral cavity
3
Q
What consists the lower part of the respiratory system
A
Larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
4
Q
The epithelium of the respiratory system is of what origin
A
Endodermal original
5
Q
What respiratory system structures arise from the thoracic mesenchyme
A
Bronchial cartilages
smooth muscle
connective tissue elements
6
Q
What are the two portions of the respiratory system
A
Conducting portion and respiratory portion
7
Q
Describe the conducting portion of the respiratory system
A
It consists of air passages that lead to the sites of respiration within the lung
8
Q
What are the parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system
A
Nasal cavities, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi
9
Q
These are two large air-filled spaces in the uppermost part of the respiratory system
A
Nasal cavities
10
Q
This structure lies behind the nasal cavities above the level of the soft palate
A
Nasopharynx
11
Q
What is the position of the nasopharynx relative to the oropharynx
A
Superior
12
Q
This is a hollow tubular organ containing the cartilaginous framework responsible for producing sounds
A
Larynx
13
Q
It is a flexible air tube that extends from the larynx to the thorax. It serves as a conduit for air
A
Trachea
14
Q
Enter the root of the right or left lung
A
Primary bronchi
15
Q
What represents the terminal part of the conducting passages
A
Bronchioles
16
Q
Bronchial tree constitutes of the
A
Primary bronchi and Bronchioles
17
Q
Describe the respiratory portion
A
It is where gas exchange occurs
18
Q
What constitutes the respiratory portion
A
Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
19
Q
This bronchial is involved both in air conduction and gas exchange
A
Respiratory bronchioles
20
Q
These are elongated airways formed from the confluence openings the alveoli
A
Alveolar ducts
21
Q
These represent spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli
A
Alveolar sacs
22
Q
These are the primary sites of gas exchange
A
Alveoli
23
Q
What do you call the terminal respiratory units
A
Alveoli
24
Q
What is the structural basis for gas exchange within the lung parenchyma
A
The intimate relationship between the alveolar air spaces on the pulmonary capillaries
25
Where does conditioning of the air occur
Conducting portion of the respiratory system
26
Conditioning of the air includes
Warming, moistening, and removal of particulate materials
27
The secretions play a major role in the conditioning process
Mucous and serous
28
What do you call those special short thick hairs in the nasal cavities
Vibrissae
29
True or false: the mucus covers the entire luminal surface of the conducting passages
True
30
What structure produces mucus in the conducting passages
Goblet cells and mucus secreting glands in the walls of the passages
31
These are paired chamber separated by a bony and cartilaginous septum
Nasal cavities
32
They are elongated spaces with a wide base that rest of the hard and soft palate and a narrow apex that points toward the anterior cranial fossa
Nasal cavities
33
The small anterior region that forms the skeletal framework of the nasal cavity is enclosed within
External nose
34
Each cavity or chamber communicates anteriorly with external environment through what structure
Anterior nares (nostrils)
35
Posterior of the nasal cavity is what structure
Nasopharynx through choanae
36
Lateral to nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct
37
This drains tears from the eye into the nasal cavity
Nasolacrimal duct
38
The nasal cavity is divided into how many regions and what are these regions
Three regions: nasal vestibule, respiratory region, olfactory region
39
This is a dilated space of the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils and is lined by skin
Nasal vestibule
40
It is the largest part which consists of the inferior 2/3 of the nasal cavities and is lined by respiratory mucosa
Respiratory region
41
This is located at the Apex or upper 1/3 of each nasal cavity and is lined by specialized olfactory mucosa
Olfactory region
42
Forms a part of the external nose and communicates anteriorly with external environment
Nasal vestibule
43
What epithelium lines the nasal vestibule
Stratified squamous epithelium
44
Are sebaceous glands present in the nasal vestibule
Yes this assist in the secretion to entrap particulate matter
45
At the posterior of the vestibule the epithelium undergoes a transition to become
Pseudostratified epithelium
46
Or sebaceous glands present in the posterior of the nasal vestibule
No
47
What constitutes most of the volume of the nasal cavities
Respiratory region
48
What mucosa lines the respiratory region
Respiratory mucosa that contains ciliated,Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
49
The underlying lamina propria of the respiratory region is attached to what structure
Periosteum and perichondrium
50
What do you call the medial wall of the respiratory region
Nasal septum
51
These are shelf-like, bony projections at the lateral walls of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity
Conchae or turbinates (3)
52
The pseudostratified columnar epithelium ciliated respiratory mucosa is composed of how many cells and what are these five cell types
Five cell types namely ciliated cells, goblet cells, brush cells, small granules cells or Kulchitsky cells, basal cells
53
Is the lamina propria of the respiratory mucosa richly vascularised
Yes involving a complex set of capillary loops
54
What is the direction of blood relative to airflow
Perpendicular
55
The turbinates also increased efficiency of filtration of inspired air through the process of
Turbulent precipitation
56
The airstream is broken into what by the turbinates
Eddies
57
This is located on part of the dome of each nasal cavity
Olfactory region of the nasal cavity
58
What structure lines the olfactory region of the nasal cavity
Olfactory mucosa
59
In living tissue the olfactory mucosa is what color
Slightly yellowish-brown
60
What causes the slightly yellowish brown color of the olfactory mucosa
Pigment in olfactory epithelium and olfactory glands
61
What is the epithelium of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium ciliated
62
Are goblet cells present in the olfactory region
No
63
What are the four cells that composes olfactory epithelium
Olfactory receptor cells, supporting or sustentacular cells, basal cells, brush sells
64
These are bipolar olfactory neurons that span the thickness of the epithelium and enter the central nervous system
Olfactory receptor cells
65
These are columnar cells similar to neuroglia cells and provide mechanical and metabolic support
Supporting cells
66
They synthesise odorant-binding proteins
Supporting cells
67
Stem cells
Basal cells
68
Same cell type that occurs in the respiratory epithelium
Brush cells
69
Loss of sense of smell
Anosmia
70
Are olfactory cells replaceable?
Yes
71
Odorants are detected and selectively bind to
Odorant-binding proteins
72
These are small, water soluble proteins that are synthesized and secreted by supporting cells
OBPs
73
Where are olfactory receptors located?
Plasma membrane of cilia
74
ORs belong to what family
G protein-coupled receptors
75
How many known different ORs are there ?
350
76
A special coding system in which OR protein binds to different odorants with different sensitivity
Population coding scheme
77
What are the most numerous cells in the olfactory epithelium
Supporting cells
78
Where are the novelty of sustentacular cells located within the cell
Apex
79
Do supporting cells have an abundant mitochondria
Yes
80
These olfactory epithelium cells possess lipofucsin granules
Sustentacular cells
81
What type of junctions are present in sustentacular cells?
Adhering junctions
Absent: gap and tight
82
These are columnar cells specialised for transduction of general sensation
Brush cells
83
These olfactory epithelium cells are present in smaller numbers
Brush cells
84
What are present on the apical surface of brush cells
Large, blunt microvilli
85
Nerve fibers in brush cells are terminal branches of what cranial nerve that function in sensation rather than olfaction
Trigeminal nerve
86
What cell characteristics suggest that brush cells might be involved in an absorptive and secretory function
Presence of a microvillus border
Vesicles near apical cell membrane
Well defined Golgi apparatus
87
Progenitors of mature cell types
Basal cells
88
These are small, rounded cells located close to the basal lamina
Basal cells
89
What is the characteristic cytoplasm of basal cells, a feature consistent with the role as stem cells
Few organelles
90
What is a feature consistent with the differentiation of basal cells into supporting cells
Processes and some basal cells that partially ensheathe the first portion of the olfactory receptor cell axon
91
Do supporting cells maintain a relationship to the olfactory receptor cell even in there and differentiated state
Yes
92
What is the characteristic feature of olfactory mucosa
Olfactory glands or Bowman’s glands
93
These are branched tubuloalveolar serous glance
Olfactory glands
94
What granules are prevalent in the gland cells
Lipofucsin granules
95
Gives the mucosa its natural yellow-brown coloration
Lipofucsin granules
96
What cells compose short ducts
Cuboidal cells
97
The secretions of the olfactory glands serve as a trap and solvent for odoriferous substances
Serous secretions
98
What is the identifying feature of the olfactory region of the nasal mucosa in the histological preparation
Presence of the olfactory nerves in combination with olfactory glands in the lamina propria
99
These are airfilled spaces in the bones of the walls of the nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
100
These are extensions of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity and are lined by respiratory epithelium
Paranasal sinuses
101
What is the mucosal surface of the sinuses
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells
102
Mucus produced in the sinuses are swept into the nasal cavity by coordinated
Ciliary movements
103
Connects the nasal and oral cavity is to the larynx and esophagus
Pharynx
104
Passageway for air and food and acts as a resonating chamber for speech
Pharynx
105
The pharynx is divided regionally into
Nasopharynx and oropharynx
106
What structures connect the nasopharynx to each middle ear
Auditory or Eustachian tubes
107
Are diffuse lymphatic tissue and lymphatic nodules present in the wall of the nasopharynx
Yes
108
What do you call the concentration of lymphatic nodules at the junction between the superior and posterior walls of the pharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil
109
Passageway for air between the oropharynx and trachea
Larynx
110
What cartilages make up the larynx
Hyaline and elastic cartilage
111
In addition to serving as a conduit for air, the larynx serve as
Organ for producing sounds
112
What structure controls the flow of air through the larynx and vibrate to produce sound
Vocal folds a.k.a. vocal chords
113
These are two folds of mucosa that project into the lumen of the larynx
Vocal folds
114
What is the orientation of the vocal folds
Antero posterior direction
115
What do you call the opening of the larynx
Rima glottidis
116
A supporting ligament and skeletal muscle that is contained within each vocal fold
Vocalis muscle
117
What structures are responsible for generating tension in the vocal folds and for opening and closing the glottis
Ligaments and intrinsic laryngeal muscles
Cartilaginous plates
118
This laryngeal muscle insert on cartilages of the larynx but originate in extralaryngeal structures
Extrinsic laryngeal muscles
119
These muscles move the larynx during swallowing
Extrinsic laryngeal muscles
120
What causes the vocal folds to vibrate
The passing of expelled air from lungs through a narrow space of rima glottidis
121
How are vibrations altered
Modulating the tension on the vocal folds and by changing the degree of glottal opening
122
Alteration of the vibrations produces sounds of different
Pitch
123
What is the process where in sounds are created in the larynx
phonation
124
Where are sounds created in the larynx modified
Upper parts of the respiratory system which includes the nasopharynx, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
Oral cavity which includes oropharynx, soft and hard palate, tongue, teeth, lips
125
Where are the false vocal chords located
Ventricular folds located above the vocal chords
126
This is an elevated recess in the larynx
Ventricle
127
These cords do not have the intrinsic muscular investment and do not modulate in phonation
False vocal chords
128
Are the false vocal chords important in creating sound resonance
Yes
129
This is the inflammation and swelling of the larynx caused by viruses and other microbial agents
Acute laryngitis
130
Symptoms of acute laryngitis may include
Hoarseness or total loss of voice, coughing, difficulty with swallowing and breathing
131
This is usually caused by prolonged exposure of irritating agents such as tobacco smoke, dust, and/or polluted air
chronic laryngitis
132
What epithelium lines the larynx
Stratified squamous and ciliated pseudostratified columnar
133
The luminal surface of the vocal chords is covered with what epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
134
The connective tissue of the larynx contains what glands
Mixed mucoserous glands
135
This is a short, flexible, air tube about 2.5 cm in diameter
Trachea
136
How long is your trachea
10 cm
137
Does the trachea assist in conditioning inspired air
Yes
138
What keeps the lumen of the trachea open
Arrangement of the series of cartilaginous rings
139
The wall of the trachea consist of how many definable layers and what are these layers
Four layers: mucosa, submucosa, cartilaginous layer, adventitia
140
This layer of the trachea is composed of pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with an elastic, fiber rich lamina propria
Mucosa
141
This layer of the trachea is composed of slightly denser connective tissue than the lamina propria
submucosa
142
This layer of the trachea is composed of C-shaped hyaline cartilages
Cartilaginous layer
143
Districk you layer is composed of connective tissue that binds the trachea to adjacent structures
Adventia
144
What is a unique feature of the trachea
Presence of a series of C-shaped hyaline cartilages that are stacked one on top of each other
145
What structures bridge the gap between the free ends of the C-shaped cartilages at the posterior border of the trachea, adjacent to the esophagus
Fibroelastic tissue and smooth muscle, trachealis muscle
146
What is the tracheal epithelium
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar cells with goblet cells
147
Or brush cells and small granules cells present in the tracheal epithelium
Yes but in small amounts
148
These are the most numerous of the tracheal cell types and extend through the full thickness of the epithelium
Ciliated cells
149
How many cilia are there in one cell
Approximately 250
150
Immediately below the Cillia is a dark line formed by
Aggregated ciliary basal bodies
151
These are similar in appearance to intestinal goblet cells under those often referred to the same name
Mucus cells
152
They are interspersed Among ciliated cells and also extend through the full thickness of the epithelium
Mucous cells
153
These cells increase during chronic irritation
Mucus cells
154
Columnar cells in the tracheal epithelium that bear blunt microvilli
Brush cells
155
A synapse wherein surface of a cell is in synaptic contact with afferent nerve ending
Epitheliodendritic synapse
156
Are brush cells regarded as receptor cells
Yes
157
These are respiratory representatives of the general class of enteroendocrine cells
Small granule cells (Kulchitsky)
158
How can you explain the presence of small granule cells in the respiratory epithelium
Development of the respiratory tract and lungs from an evagination of the primitive foregut
159
Describe the arrangement of small granule cells
Occur singly in the trachea and are sparsely dispersed among the other cell types
160
Differentiate small granule cells from basal cells
The nucleus is located near the basement membrane, the cytoplasm is somewhat more extensive than that of smaller basal cell
161
Small granule cells secrete what hormone
Catecholamine,Serotonin, calcitonin, gastrin-releasing peptide (bombesin)
162
Can small granule sells be innervated
Yes, some of them
163
What is the term wearing small granule cells are present in groups in association with nerve fibers
Neuroepithelial bodies
164
This function in reflexes regulating the airway or vascular caliber
Neuroepithelial bodies
165
Tracheal epithelium cells that serve as a reserve population that maintains individual cell replacement in the epithelium
Basal cells
166
What are the principal cell types present in your tracheal epithelium
Ciliated cells, mucus cells, brush cells, small granule cells, basal cells
167
This cells tend to be prominent because their nuclei form a role in close proximity to the basal laminar
Basal cells
168
most of the nuclei near the basement membrane belong to what tracheal epithelium cells
Basal cells
169
Characteristic of tracheal epithelium
Thick basement membrane
170
It consists of a densely packed collagenous fibers
Basement membrane
171
In smokers experiencing chronic coughing this layer is considerably thick
Basement membrane
172
True or false: Individuals with asthma also have a more pronounced and take her basement membrane
true
173
It is the boundary between mucosa and submucosa that is defined by an elastic membrane
Lamina propria
174
Appears as a typical loose connective tissue’s which is very cellular and containing numerous lymphocytes many of which infiltrate epithelium
lamina propria
175
What other cell types are present in the lamina propria
Plasma cells, mast cells, eosinophils, fibroblast
176
This tissue is consistently present in the lamina propria and submucosa off the tracheal wall
Lymphatic tissue in both diffuse and nodular forms
177
This structure is present in other parts of the respiratory system involved primarily with air conduction
Lymphatic tissue
178
What lymphatic tissue is present in the respiratory system
BALT
179
Interspersed among numerous elastic fibers of the lamina propria
collagenous fibers
180
Where the lamina propria ends, elastic material is
More extensive
181
This band marks the boundary between the lamina propria and the submucosa
Elastic membrane
182
What connective tissue and comprises the submucosa
Loose connective tissue
183
These characteristically extend into the submucosa from the lamina propria
Diffuse lymphatic tissue and lymphatic nodules
184
What glands composed of mucus secreting acini with serous demilunes are also present in the submucosa
Submucosal glands
185
The ducts of submucosal glands consist of what epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium
186
What are the products of submucosal glands
Glycoproteins
187
Submucosal glands are specially numerous in what portion of the trachea
Cartilage free gap on the posterior portion
188
Can submucosal glands also penetrate the muscle layer and lie in the adventitia?
Yes
189
How or where does the submucosa layer end
Where its connected tissue fibers blend with the perichondrium of the cartilage layer
190
What structures separates the submucosa from adventitia
Tracheal cartilages and trachealis muscle
191
How many tracheal cartilages are there in humans
16 to 20
192
Do tracheal cartilages anastomose with adjacent cartilages
Yes
193
Or hyaline cartilages of the trachea partially replaced with bone tissue as you age
Yes
194
What do you call the outer layer that lies peripheral to the cartilage rings and trachealis muscle
Adventitia
195
This layer contains the largest blood vessels and nerves that supplies a tracheal wall as well as the largest lymphatics that drain the wall
Adventitia
196
What are the physical differences between the right and left main bronchi
The right bronchus is wider and significantly shorter than the left.
197
On entering the hilum of the lung, each main bronchus divides into
Lobar bronchi
198
The left and right lungs are divided to how many lobes
Left lung into two lobes, right lung into three lobes
199
Left lung is further divided into how many bronchopulmonary segments
Eight
200
Right long is divided into how many bronchopulmonary segments
10
201
In the bronchi the cartilage rings are replaced by
Cartilage plates
202
Describe the arrangement of cartilage plates
Distributed in a linear array around the entire circumference of the wall
203
As the bronchi decrease in size because of branching, the cartridge plates become
Smaller and less numerous
204
Bronchi can be identified by what
Cartilage plates and circular layer of smooth muscle
205
What constitutes a bronchopulmonary segment
Segmental bronchus and lung parenchyma it supplies
206
The smooth muscle becomes increasingly conspicuously layer as the amount of cartilage
Diminishes
207
In the smaller bronchi, the smooth muscle may appear
Discontinuous
208
How many layers are there in the wall of the bronchus
Five
209
Name the layers of the bronchus
Mucosa , muscularis, submucosa, cartilage layer, adventitia
210
This bronchial layer is composed of pseudostratified epithelium with the same cellular composition as the trachea
Mucosa
211
The height of the mucosal sells decreases as the bronchial diameter
Decreases
212
This is a continuous layer of smooth muscle in the larger bronchi
muscularis
213
The muscularis may appear discontinuous due to its
Spiral course
214
This remains as a relatively loose connective tissue where glands are present as well as adipose tissue in the larger bronchi
Submucosa
215
This layer consist of this continues cartilage plates that become smaller as the bronchial diameter diminishes
Cartilage layer
216
This is a moderately dense connective tissue that is continuous with that of adjacent structures
Adventitia
217
Bronchopulmonary segments are further subdivided into
Pulmonary lobules
218
Each pulmonary lobule is supplied by
Bronchiole
219
These are smaller units of structure that make up the lobules
Pulmonary acini
220
Each acinus consist of
Terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchial, and alveoli
221
What is the smallest functional unit of pulmonary structure
Respiratory bronchialar unit
222
These are air conducting ducts that are less than 1 mm in diameter
Bronchioles
223
Terminal bronchioles finally give rise to
Respiratory bronchioles
224
Are cartilage plates and glands still present in bronchioles
No
225
What epithelium lines the bronchioles
Initially they have a ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium
226
The pseudostratified columnar epithelium of bronchioles gradually transform into
Simple ciliated columnar epithelium
227
Are goblet cells still present in the large bronchioles
Yes still present in the largest bronchioles butt or absent in the terminal bronchioles
228
Are there subepithelial glands in the bronchioles
No
229
Ate cartilage plates still present and bronchioles
No
230
What thick layer is present in the wall of all bronchioles
Smooth muscle
231
What lines small bronchioles
Simple cuboidal epithelium
232
What are the smallest conducting bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
233
Terminal bronchioles are lined by what cells
Simple cuboidal epithelium with the Clara cells interspersed among ciliated cells
234
Clara cells increase in number as the ciliated cells
Decrease along the length of the bronchiole
235
Our brush cells and small granule cells present in the terminal bronchioles
Yes
236
In the conducting portions, a small amount of ____ underlies epithelium l
a ____ underlies the connective tissue
Connective tissue, circumferential layer of smooth muscle
237
These are non-ciliated cells that are characteristically rounded or dome-shaped apical surface projection
Clara cells
238
Describe Clara cells
Well developed rER
lateral or supranuclear GA
secretory granules
Numerous cisternae of sER
239
These cells produce a surface active agent that prevents luminal adhesion should the wall of the airway collapse (expiration)
Clara cells
240
What protein does a Clara cell produce
CC16 Clara cell secretory protein
241
Examples of diseases associated with changes in the abundance of CC16
COPD
| asthma
242
What is used as a measurable pulmonary marker in brochoalveolar lavage fluid and serum
CC16
243
Secretion of this protein decreases during lung injury
CC16
244
Serum levels of CC16 may —- bc of leakage across air-blood barrier
Increase
245
The first part of the bronchial tree that allows gas exchange
Respiratory bronchioles
246
What part of the bronchiole are involved both in air conduction and gas exchange
Respiratory bronchioles
247
What epithelium lines the respiratory bronchioles
Cuboidal epithelium
248
Does the respiratory bronchiole contain ciliated and Clara cells
Yes but only in the initial segments
249
What part of the respiratory bronchioles do Clara cells predominate
Distal
250
Scattered, thin-walled outpocketings from the lumen of the respiratory bronchioles
Alveoli
251
Sites where air leaves and enters bronchiole
Alveoli
252
Sites of gas exchange
Alveoli
253
How many alveoli are found in each adult lung
150-250 million
254
These are elongated airways that have almost no walls, only alveoli with smooth muscle rings present
Alveolar ducts
255
Spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli
Alveolar sacs
256
Usually occur at the termination of an alveolar duct but may occur anywhere along its length
Alveolar sacs
257
What separates alveoli from one another
Thin connective tissue layer with blood capillaries
258
Tissue between adjacent alveolar air spaces
Alveolar septum and septal wall
259
What cells compose alveolar epithelium
Type I and II alveolar cells and occasional brush cells
260
Comprise 40% of the entire alveolar lining cells
Type I pneumocytes
261
These are extremely thin squamous cells that line 95% of the surface of the alveoli
Type I alveolar cells
262
What joins type I alveolar cells to one another and to other cells of the alveolar epithelium
Occluding junctions
263
These form an effective barrier between air space and components of the septal wall
Occluding jxns
264
What type of alveolar cell is not capable of cell division
Type I alveolar cells
265
Type II pneumocytes are also known as
Septal cells
266
These alveolar cells are secretory cells
Type II pneumocytes
267
Shape of type II pneumocytes
Cuboidal cells interspersed among type I cells
268
Account for 60% of alveolar lining cells
Type II pneumocytes
269
What percentage of alveolar surface do type II pneumocytes cover
5%
270
What do you call the stacks of parallel membrane lamellae inside type II pneumocytes
Lamellar bodies
271
What alveolar cells secrete surfactant
Type II pneumocytes
272
Progenitor cells of type I pneumocytes
Type II pneumocytes
273
Proliferate after lung injury
Type II pneumocytes
274
Important marker of alveolar injury and repair of alveoli
Hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes
275
Serve as receptors to monitor air quality in lung
Brush cells
276
Specific phospholipid in surfactants
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
277
Surfactant synthesis occurs after what week of gestation
35th week
278
What hormones modulate surfactant synthesis
Cortisol
Insulin
Prolactin
Thyroxine
279
What do you administer to mothers with threatened premature delivery
Cortisol
280
Most abundant surfactant protein
SP-A
281
Responsible for surfactant homeostasis (regulate surfactant synthesis by type II pneumocytes)
SP-A
282
Modulates immune responses to viruses, bacteria, fungi
SP-A
283
Important protein for transformation of lamellar body into thin surface film of surfactant
SP-B
284
Repsonsible for adsorption and spreading of surfactant
SP-B
285
represents only 1% of the total mass of surfactant protein
SP-C
286
Aids in orientation of DPPC within surfactant and maintenance of thin film layer
SP-C
287
Primary protein involved in host defense
SP-D
288
Participates in local inflammatory response to acute lung injury
SP-D
289
Acts with SP-A to modulate an allergic response
SP-D
290
Site of air-blood barrier
Alveolar septum
291
Refers to cells and cell products across which gases must diffuse between the alveolar and capillary compartments
Air-blood barrier
292
What composes the thinnest air-blood barrier
Thin later of surfactant, type I pneumocytes and basal lamina, capillary endothelial cell and basal lamina
293
What widens the air-blood barrier
Connective tissue cells and fibers
294
Portion of air blood barrier where tissue fluid can accumulate and cross alveolus
Thick portion
295
Other name for alveolar macrophages
Dust cells
296
Remove inhaled particulate matter from air spaces and RBCs from septum
Dust cells
297
Do alveolar macrophages also function in CT of septum
Yes
298
Apoptosis of—- contributes to emphysema
Septal macrophages
299
Opening in interalveolar septa that allow circulation of air from one alveolus to another
Alveolar pores (of Kohn)
300
Supplies the capillaries of alveolar septum and derived from pulmonary artery
Pulmonary circulation
301
Supplies all lung tissue
Bronchial circulation
302
Where does bronchial and pulmonary circulations anastomose
Level of jxn between conducting and respiratory passages
303
Drain only CT of the hilar region of lungs
Bronchial veins
304
Most blood reaching lungs via bronchial arteries leave lungs via
Pulmonary veins
