respiration muscles

Question 1

classification of respiratory muscles

Answer 1

primary inspiratory

secondary inspiratory

primary expiratory muscles

secondary expiratory muscles

Question 2

primary inspiratory muscles

Answer 2

diaphragm

external intercostals

levator costae

Question 3

secondary inspiratory muscles are used when

Answer 3

there is forced breathing

Question 4

secondary inspiratory muscles

Answer 4

scalenes

sternocleidomastoid

upper traps

serratus anterior

pec major and minor

abdominals

Question 5

primary expiratory muscles

Answer 5

internal intercostals

sternocostalis

Question 6

expiration is primarily a…

Answer 6

passive event d/t elastic recoil of the ribcage

Question 7

secondary expiratory muscles

Answer 7

abdominals
–> rectus abdominus, obliques, transversus abdominus

Question 8

when are primary muscles active

Answer 8

during quiet breathing

Question 9

when are secondary muscles active

Answer 9

during forced breathing

exercises or pathology

Question 10

inspiration

Answer 10

increase in A/P diameter of the chest

decrease pressure

air flows into the lungs

Question 11

expiration

Answer 11

decrease volume and increased pressure

air moves out of the lungs

Question 12

diaphragm origin

Answer 12

posterior surface of xiphoid process

inner surface of ribs 7-12 + costal cartilage

lumbar bodies and arcuate ligaments

Question 13

diaphragm insertion

Answer 13

central tendon

Question 14

what does the central tendon also have attachments to

Answer 14

pericardium

Question 15

what shape is the diaphragm

Answer 15

dome shaped

Question 16

contraction of the diaphragm

Answer 16

the central tendon pulls down and the diaphragm descends

descent of the diaphragm is stopped by stretch of the mediastinum

descent will compress the abdominal contents and increase intra-abdominal pressure

Question 17

what happens once the descent of the central tendon has stopped (diaphragm contraction)

Answer 17

the muscle fibers continue to shorten

results in an upward pull on the lower ribs –> bucket handle motion

Question 18

how do the external intercostals run

Answer 18

down and anteriorly

Question 19

role of the external intercostals

Answer 19

elevate the ribs and assist with inspiration

Question 20

how do the fibers of levator costae run

Answer 20

from transverse process down laterally to ribs

Question 21

role of levator costae

Answer 21

assists in elevation of the ribs

Question 22

internal intercostals fibers run

Answer 22

down and posteriorly

Question 23

role of internal intercostals

Answer 23

assist with expiration

Question 24

sternocostalis fibers run

Answer 24

down and medially from costal cartilage to sternum

Question 25

role of sternocostalis

Answer 25

depress costal cartilage and assist with expiration

Question 26

expiration is primarily

Answer 26

passive recoil of the rib cage

Question 27

major function of abdominals

Answer 27

assist with forced expiration

Question 28

role of abdominals during inspiration

Answer 28

helping increase intra-abdominal pressure
—-> pushing the lower ribs outward

Question 29

when does activity of the abdominals increase

Answer 29

exercise

Question 30

abdominals during expiration

Answer 30

as the diaphragm relaxes –> the abdominals contract —> pushes abdominal contents up

this raises the central tendon –> aides in expiration

Question 31

what do the abdominals do as the diaphragm contracts

Answer 31

resist motion and act as a girdle

Question 32

what would happen if the abdominals didn’t work as the diaphragm contracts

Answer 32

abdominal contents would be displaced inferiorly and anteriorly and the central tendon wouldn’t be stabilized

–> diaphragm wouldn’t elevate the lower ribs

Question 33

what effect do the abdominals have on the diaphragm

Answer 33

improve the efficiency of the diaphragm

Question 34

what happens if the abdominals are paralyzed

Answer 34

ventilatory efficiency of the diaphragm decreases

Question 35

normal sequence of chest wall motions during quiet breathing

Answer 35

first

second

third

fourth

Question 36

normal sequence of chest wall motions during quiet breathing –> first

Answer 36

diaphragm contracts and central tendon moves down

increases intra-abdominal pressure –> observe distension of abdomen

“belly breathing”

Question 37

normal sequence of chest wall motions during quiet breathing –> 2nd

Answer 37

diaphragm continues to contract –> pushes lower ribs outward

observe lateral movement of lower chest

Question 38

normal sequence of chest wall motions during quiet breathing –> 3rd

Answer 38

upper ribs rotate and elevate manubriosternum

observe anterior motion of the upper chest

2nd and 3rd steps may occur spontaneously

Question 39

normal sequence of chest wall motions during quiet breathing –> 4th

Answer 39

expiration during quiet breathing is passive

observe recoil of chest wall