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Small Animal Year 4 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Is this a cardiac or respiratory cause of coughing?

coughing mostly at night/ sleeping, increased HR, regular sinus rhythm

A

cardiac

note: v rare for cats to cough from cardiac disease

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2
Q

Is this a cardiac or respiratory cause of coughing?

coughing on excitement, decreased HR, sinus arrhythmia,

A

Respiratory

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3
Q

What do simonsiella bacteria indicate on BAL?

A

oral contamination

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4
Q

Broncho-alveolar Lavage

how much fluid
what fluid
how much be able to aspirate?

A

0.5mls/kg ( 2mls- small cat/dog, 10 mls large dog)
saline solution
50% aspirated

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5
Q

does wheezing or crackling correlate to expiratory noise?

A

wheezing> generally expiratory,

crackling> generally inspiratory

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6
Q

What does a positive tracheal pinch test indicate?

A

respiratory irritation, eg kennel cough

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7
Q

what is definition of chronic bronchitis

A

coughing> 2 out of 12 months

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8
Q

are these cells normal in BAL

ciliated columnar epithelial cells, goblet cells, WBCSs inc macrophages

A

yes

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9
Q

what cellular changes occur in chronic bronchitis

A

increased goblet cell nos, hyperplasia of submucosal glands+ increased mucus
ciliated epithelium> squamous metaplasia

secondary bacterial infection common

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10
Q

which sp/br prone to chronic bronchitis

A

small toy dog breeds

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11
Q

how would chronic bronchitis appear on
radiograph
BAL

A

xray: thickened bronchial walls: donuts and tramlines
BAL: +++ mucus, + neutrophils and macrophages, + squamous metaplasia of CCECs (ciliated columnar epithelial cells)

–bacteria, usualy -ve with chronic bronchitis

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12
Q

how would you manage chronic bronchitis

A

weight control, harness rather than collar, nebuliser, shower with owner lol

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13
Q

what 4 components are used in treatment of chronic bronchitis

A

1) bronchodilators
2) anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids- prednisolone
3) antibiotics- if intraceullar bacteria seen on BAL cytology of C and S
4) mucolytics

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14
Q

give 2 bronchodilators used in chronic bronchitis treatment

A

theophylline

terbutuline

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15
Q

which mucolytic could be used to increase mucociliary clearance with chronic bronchitis

A

bromohexine

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16
Q

what is bronchiectasis?
how is it diagnosed
tx?

A

widening of the bronchi- regional area

dx: radiogrpah and bronchoscopy show dilated bronchi full of mucopurulent material
tx: long term ABs, possible lobectomy

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17
Q

what causes eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy (EBP)?

also known as Pulmonary Infiltrate with Eosinophils (PIE)

A

hypersensitivity to inhaled allergens or parasites

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18
Q

which respiratory disease would present with coughing, dyspneic dog, coughing on exercise and generally unwell.

on bronchoscopy it shows copious amounts of yellow green mucus, cytology over 25% eosinophils

A

EBP/ PIE

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19
Q

how would you treat EBP/ PIE

A

prednisolone +/- fenbendazole for parasite

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20
Q

which parasites can cause respiratory disease in dogs

A

Oslerus osleri

Crenosoma vulpis- fox lung worm, 4-16mm

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21
Q

which parasites can cause respiratory disease in cats

A

Aeluostrongylus abstrusus

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22
Q

how would you treat lung worm in dogs or cats

Study These Flashcards
A

fenbendazole 50mg/kg 7 days

23
Q

What are some broad spectrum antibiotics used to treat respiratory disease in dogs and cats

Study These Flashcards
A

Amoxycillin
Sulphonamides
Fluroquinolones

24
Q

What AB would you use for mycoplasma or bordetella bacterial resp infection

25
what are the components of the four quadrant treatment used to treat life threatening pneumonia
combination antibiotics eg amoxicillin fluoroquinolone metrinidazole
26
What is feline asthma and what causes it? cough and expiratory or inspiratory dyspnoea?
chronic bronchial disease, caused by allergy in airway reactive bronchoconstriction cough and expiratory dyspnoea
27
how would you diagnose and treat feline asthma?
ausculation of expiratory wheezes radiograph: diaphragm flattening, increased bronchial markings, barrel chested tx: reduce stress, humidified o2, IV steroids, bronchodilators (theophylline, terbataline) life threatening: adrenaline
28
what drugs can be used in feline inhaler for feline asthma
salbutamol- β2 adrenergic receptor agonist, relaxes smooth muscle fluticasone - steroid, reduce inflammation
29
which 2 of the following causes dyspnoea hypoxaemia hyperoxaemia hypocarbia hypercarbia
hypoxaemia + hypercarbaemia
30
what would a shallow resp depth indicate in dyspnoeic patient?
mixed inspiratory and expiratory dyspnoea
31
how would you differentiate obstructive vs restrictive dyspnoea
obstructive: increased effort- insp (URT obstruction) or exp (bronchial narrowing) restrictive: mixed dyspnoea, pulmonary or pleural cause
32
what dyspnoea type are these ddx for: laryngeal paralysis laryngeal neoplasia tracheal mass/ stenosis
inspiratory dyspnoe- URT conditions only
33
what dyspnoea type are these ddx for: dynamic airway collapse feline asthma
expiratory dyspnoea - LRT
34
what dyspnoea type are these ddx for: ``` pulmonary parenchymal disease pneumonic pulmonary oedema idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis pleural effusion pneumo thorax pulmonary thromboembolism ```
mixed insp and exp dyspnoea
35
which dyspnoea condition is this caused by aspiration pneumonia asc with megaoesophagus or laryngeal paralysis after tie back surgery radiograph: bronchi- air filled, alveoli- fluid filled
pneumonia, bronchopneumonia
36
which dyspnoea condition is this diagnosed: radiograph: worm seen in pulmonary vessels, faecal nearmanns: see larvae
angiostrongylus vasorum - french heart worm
37
which dyspnoea condition is this mass close to chest wall on xray- can FNA lung mass which can metastasise to digits
lung neoplasia | bronchogenic carcinoma can metastasise to digits
38
which dyspnoea condition is this | radiogrpah interstitial markings, supportive care
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
39
``` which dyspnoea condition is this initial alveolitis severe pulmonary fibrosis severe dyspnoea poor prognosis ```
paraquat (herbicide) intoxication
40
which dyspnoea condition is this sudden onset dyspnoea, blood gas analysis shows poor o2 treated with anti-coagulants and antiplatelet medication
pulmonary thromboembolism
41
what is ARDS
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome non cardiogenic pulmonary oedema cx: resp distress dx: alveolar infiltrates on radiograph- histopathological criteria for diagnosis
42
are pulmonary osteomas normal on radiograph?
yes, these are pleural plaques and are incidental findings
43
List causes of pulmonary oedema
CHF | hypoalbuminaemia
44
general clinical signs of pulmonary oedema
rapid shallow breaths decreased percussion absent breath sounds ventrally + muffled heart sounds in cats- decreased thoracic compression
45
what clinical signs of pleural effusion are specific to CHF in dogs
jugular vein distention (resistance to venous return) positive hepatojugular reflex note: in cats, pleural effuision if significant or cranial mediastinal mass can also distend jugular veins
46
name the fluid, possible cause? protein<25g/l and cells <1.5 x10^ 9/L
transudate | hypoalbuminaemia
47
name the fluid, possible cause? protein>25g/l and cells <5 x10^ 9/L straw coloured, serosanguinous, slightly viscous
modified transudate R sided CHF diaphragm rupture neoplasia
48
name the fluid, possible cause? protein>25g/l and cells >5 x10^ 9/L - bloody: - viscous, straw coloured - viscous, turbid, purulent - milky
exudate - bloody: trauma, neoplasia, coagulopathy - viscous, straw coloured: non-septic inflammation: lobe torsion, chronic chylothorax, neoplasia - viscous, turbid, purulent: septic inflammation, ruptured oesophagus, FB, pyothorax, fungal infection - milky: chylous, idiopathic, CHF, CrVC obstruction, trauma, lobe torsion
49
where would you place (butterfly needle cats, 16 G needle dogs) for thoracocentesis?
7-8th intercostal space, have animal in sternal recumbency
50
how would you treat - pyothorax - chylothorax - pneumothorax
- pyothorax: chest drains + daily thoracic lavage until clear. ABs 2-3 months C+S - chylothorax: low fat diet+ medium chain triglycerides to diet, rutin?--> reduce chyle production. surgery - pneumothorax: drainage
51
what are important structures to avoid in tracheal surgery
recurrent laryngeal nerve | segmental blood supply
52
what does a goose honk, cough, dypnoea, exercise intolerance and cyanosis in a middle age toy breed suggest
tracheal collapse- graded 1-4 | surgery: stenting
53
when is a lung lobectomy indicated
lung lobe torsion localused pulmonary abscess, neoplasia seevre lung trauma broncho-oesophageal fitula
54
when should you do surgery to repair diaphragmatic hernia
when patient stable unless stomach herniated

Small Animal Year 4 (6 decks)

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