Respiratory

Question 1

COPD

Answer 1

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
progressive development of airflow limitation
overinflated alveoli

Question 2

Ventilation (V)

Answer 2

Air exchange
Inhalation and exhalation
O2 in CO2 out

Question 3

Perfusion (Q)

Answer 3

Gas exchange - at the capillary level, blood flow to tissues and organs

Question 4

V/Q mismatch

Answer 4

adequate inhalation but can’t extract O2 or bringing blood with no O2 - lead to hypoxia - lead to respiratory failure

Question 5

V/Q mismatch causes:

Answer 5

obstructed airway
obstructed blood flow in lungs e.g. clot

Question 6

Resp failure causes

Answer 6

• CNS causes: depression of drive to breath e.g. overdose
• Alveoli abnormalities
  -Airway instructions: COPD, asthma
• PNS disorders: resp muscle and chest wall weakness

Question 7

Respiratory Failure

Answer 7

result of one or more diseases involving the lungs
resp system can’t maintain gas exchange

Question 8

Type 1 resp failure

Answer 8

impaired gas exchange at alveo-capillary level due to lung tissue damage preventing oxygenation
hypoxia - low O2

Question 9

Type 2 resp failure

Answer 9

Occurs when alveolar ventilation is insufficient to excrete CO2 - leading to increased CO2 in blood
Increased CO2 leads to high acidity in the blood

Question 10

Hypercapnia

Answer 10

High CO2 levels in the blood

Question 11

Normal PaO2 range

Answer 11

80-100mm/Hg

Question 12

Type 2 resp failure PaCO2 range

Answer 12

greater than 50mm/Hg

Question 13

Type 1 Resp failure causes

Answer 13

asthma
pulmonary oedema
ARDS
COVID
pneumonia

Question 14

Type 2 Resp failure causes

Answer 14

COPD
chest abnormalities
resp muscle weakness
chronic bronchitis
emphysema

Question 15

Resp failure signs and symptoms

Answer 15

• gradual changes in PaO2 or PaCO2
• Dyspnoea
• Tachypnoea
• Restless
• Confusion
• Central Cyanosis
• Tachycardia
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Loss of conscious

Question 16

Dyspnoea

Answer 16

Shortness of breath

Question 17

Pulmonary hypertension

Answer 17

increased blood pressure in the vessels from heart to the lungs
- in an attempt to pump more O2 rich blood around the body

Question 18

Pneumonia

Answer 18

acute infection of the lung
organisms reach the lungs through:
- aspiration
-inhalation
-homogenous spread

Question 19

Pneumonia Causes

Answer 19

• bacteria
• viruses
• fungi
• parasites
• chemicals

Question 20

Aspiration Pneumonia

Answer 20

either CAP or MCAP
abnormal entry of material from month or stomach into the trachea or lungs

Question 21

Opportunistic Pneumonia

Answer 21

people with a weakened immune system usually at greater risk e.g. HIV, chemo

Question 22

Pneumonia signs and symps

Answer 22

• fevers
• chills
• headaches
• clammy, blue skin
• Low BP ( late sign)
• nausea/ vom
• joint pain
• Lungs:
  SOB
  cough
  pleuric chest pain

Question 23

Pleuric chest pain

Answer 23

sharp pain when breathing deeply

Question 24

Asthma

Answer 24

airways narrow and well and may produce extra mucus

Question 25

asthma triggers

Answer 25

occupational infections/ cold/ flu allergies smoke drugs weather exercise

Question 26

Bronchospasm

Answer 26

airway muscles tighten

Question 27

Vasocongestion

Answer 27

swelling of body tissues caused by increased blood flow

Question 28

Asthma exacerbations

Answer 28

asthma attack airways become swollen and inflammed

Question 29

Asthma attack signs and symptoms

Answer 29

SOB word snot scentences sitting forward to maximise disgraphm movement prominent wheeze resp rate >30 neck accessory muscle use

Question 30

Respiratory Acidosis

Answer 30

failure of ventilation and accumulation of CO2 in the blood

Question 31

Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 31

low CO2 in the blood disrupts A/B imbalance caused with rapid breathing e.g. hyperventilation

Question 32

Diaphoresis

Answer 32

Abnormal/ excessive sweating

Question 33

Laryngospasm

Answer 33

Spasms of the vocal cords

Question 34

Bronchitis

Answer 34

is an inflammation of the lining of your bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from your lung - COPD

Question 35

Emphysema

Answer 35

the alveoli sacs lose their ability to inflate and deflate due to an inflammatory response in the body - COPD

Question 36

atelectasis

Answer 36

the collapse of part or all of the lung caused by a blockage in the airway or by pressure on the lung