respiratory

Question 1

What are the primary functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

Supply the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.

Question 2

Which structures comprise the upper respiratory system?

Answer 2

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx.

Question 3

What is the role of the nasal conchae?

Answer 3

Increase mucosal surface area and enhance air turbulence to filter, warm, and moisten air.

Question 4

Which structures are part of the lower respiratory system?

Answer 4

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

Question 5

What is the function of the epiglottis?

Answer 5

Prevents food and liquids from entering the airway during swallowing.

Question 6

What are the four processes of respiration?

Answer 6

Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, and internal respiration.

Question 7

Define pulmonary ventilation.

Answer 7

The movement of air into and out of the lungs (breathing).

Question 8

What is external respiration?

Answer 8

The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood.

Question 9

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

Answer 9

Primarily bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells; a small amount is dissolved in plasma.

Question 10

What factors influence hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen?

Answer 10

Partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂), temperature, blood pH, and concentration of BPG.

Question 11

Where are the respiratory control centers located?

Answer 11

In the medulla oblongata and pons of the brainstem.

Question 12

What is the role of the medullary respiratory centers?

Answer 12

Set the basic rhythm of breathing.

Question 13

How do chemoreceptors influence breathing rate?

Answer 13

They detect changes in CO₂, O₂, and pH levels in the blood and adjust breathing rate accordingly.

Question 14

What is hypercapnia?

Answer 14

An elevated level of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Question 15

How does the body respond to hypercapnia?

Answer 15

Increases the rate and depth of breathing to expel more CO₂.

Question 16

What is tidal volume (TV)?

Answer 16

Air moved in or out during normal breathing (~500 mL).

Question 17

Define inspiratory reserve volume (IRV).

Answer 17

Air inhaled beyond normal inspiration.

Question 18

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

Answer 18

Air exhaled beyond normal expiration.

Question 19

Explain residual volume (RV).

Answer 19

Air remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation.

Question 20

How is vital capacity (VC) calculated?

Answer 20

VC = TV + IRV + ERV.

Question 21

What is the primary driving force for oxygen diffusion in the lungs?

Answer 21

The partial pressure gradient of oxygen between the alveoli and the blood.

Question 22

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

Answer 22

Dissolved in plasma, chemically bound to hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions in plasma.

Question 23

What is the chloride shift?

Answer 23

The exchange of chloride and bicarbonate ions across red blood cell membranes to facilitate CO₂ transport.

Question 24

What effect does a rightward shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve have?

Answer 24

Decreases hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen, facilitating oxygen release to tissues.

Question 25

What conditions can cause a rightward shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

Answer 25

Increased CO₂, increased H⁺ concentration (decreased pH), increased temperature, and increased BPG levels.

Question 26

Anatomy & Physiology || - Respiratory System Flashcards

Question 27

1. Q: What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

Question 28

A: Warms and humidifies air

Answer 28

filters particles

Question 29

2. Q: Which bones contain sinuses?

Question 30

A: Frontal

Answer 30

ethmoid

Question 31

3. Q: Which part of the pharynx is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

Question 32

A: Nasopharynx.

Question 33

4. Q: Which structure connects the nasal cavity to the nasopharynx?

Question 34

A: Internal nares.

Question 35

5. Q: What structure is known as the "windpipe"?

Question 36

A: Trachea.

Question 37

6. Q: What is the function of the epiglottis?

Question 38

A: Prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing.

Question 39

7. Q: What are the vocal cords and their function?

Question 40

A: True vocal cords are elastic folds that produce sound; false cords do not.

Question 41

8. Q: What is the glottis?

Question 42

A: The space between the vocal cords.

Question 43

9. Q: What structure bifurcates into the larynx and esophagus?

Question 44

A: Laryngopharynx.

Question 45

10. Q: What are the three branches of the bronchial tree?

Question 46

A: Primary

Answer 46

secondary (lobar)

Question 47

11. Q: What are the lobes of the lungs?

Question 48

A: Right: 3 lobes; Left: 2 lobes with cardiac notch.

Question 49

12. Q: What is the hilum?

Question 50

A: The area on the lung where bronchi

Answer 50

blood vessels

Question 51

13. Q: What are the two types of alveolar cells?

Question 52

A: Type I (gas exchange) and Type Il (secrete surfactant).

Question 53

14. Q: What is the function of surfactant?

Question 54

A: Reduces surface tension in alveoli to prevent collapse.

Question 55

15. Q: What is the respiratory membrane composed of?

Question 56

A: Type I alveolar cell

Answer 56

basement membrane

Question 57

16. Q: What is the pleural cavity?

Question 58

A: A fluid-filled space between visceral and parietal pleura that reduces friction and keeps lungs

Question 59

inflated.

Question 60

17. Q: What is Boyle's Law?

Question 61

A: Pressure is inversely related to volume (P=1/V).