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ANA 209 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A

Exchange of gases

Sound production and vocalization

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2
Q

Upper respiratory system division includes

A

Outside (superior) thorax

  • nasal cavity
  • larynx
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3
Q

Lower respiratory system division includes

A

Inside thorax

  • bronchial tree
  • lungs
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4
Q

Conducting Zones

A

Nostrils through the terminal bronchioles

  • transports air to the lungs
  • filters, humidifiers, and warms inspired air
  • lined with respiratory epithelium
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5
Q

What type of cells are respiratory epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells

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6
Q

Respiratory Zones

A

From respiratory bronchioles through the alveoli (microscopic)
- where gas exchange occurs

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7
Q

What parts are involved in the conducting portion?

A
  1. Nasal cavity
  2. Nasopharynx
  3. Oropharynx
  4. Laryngopharynx
  5. larynx
  6. Trachea
  7. Bronchus
  8. Bronchioles
  9. Terminal bronchioles
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8
Q

Nasal Cavity areas (2)

A

Olfactory - superior (top) 1/3

Respiratory - inferior (bottom) 2/3

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9
Q

Functions of the nasal cavity

A

Respiration
Olfaction
Filtration of dust
Humidification and warming of inspired air
Reception of paranasal and nasolacrimal secretions

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10
Q

Which bones divide the nasal cavity into right and left sides?

A

perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
vomer bone
septal cartilage

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11
Q

The floor of the nasal cavity consists of…

A

hard and soft palate

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12
Q

The roof of the nasal cavity consists of…

A

ethmoid and sphenoid bones

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13
Q

Describe the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

A

Has 3 shelf-like curved bones (concha) that protrude out into the nasal cavity
- superior middle and inferior concha
Under each concha, there is are spaces called meatuses
- many structures empty into each meatus

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14
Q

How do conchae and respiratory epithelium work together to protect against pathogens?

A

Conchae produce a quart of fluid per day which provides protection against pathogens
- Cillia push the mucus to the back of the throat to be swallowed

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15
Q

Functions of the paranasal sinuses

A

Lighten the mass of the skull
Increase surface area of nasal mucosa
Serve as resonating chambers within the skull

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16
Q

What are the names of each of the 4 sinuses?

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid (behind the ethmoid)
Maxillary

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17
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain into?

A

Inferior meatus

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18
Q

Where do the maxillary and frontal sinuses drain into?

A

Middle meatus

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19
Q

What are the three pharyngeal regions?

A
  1. Nasopharynx - posterior to the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate
  2. Oropharynx - from the soft palate to the epiglottis
  3. Laryngopharynx - from the epiglottis to the pharynx
    (Top to Bottom 1-3)
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20
Q

Function of the Nasopharynx

A

Air passage only

- includes adenoids and auditory eustachian tube

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21
Q

Function of the Oropharynx

A

Air and food passageway

- includes palatine tonsils, and fauces

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22
Q

What is the fauces?

A

The archway between the uvula and epiglottis

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23
Q

Function of the Laryngopharynx

A

Serves as an air and food passageway

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24
Q

Larynx

A

Organ of phonation (voicebox)

- passageway for air and a protective sphincter preventing foreign bodies from entering the airway

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25
Q

Larynx Structure

A

Hangs from the hyoid bone by the thyrohyoid membrane

- composed of 9 cartilages

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26
Q

Vestibular (false) vocal folds

A

Not involved in phonation

- prevent foreign bodies from entering the larynx

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27
Q

True Vocal Folds

A

Vocal Chords

  • span between arytenoid and thyroid cartilages
  • movement of these cartilages adjusts tension and position of the true folds
28
Q

Vestibule compartment of the larynx

A

Region superior to false vestibular folds

29
Q

Ventricle compartment of the larynx

A

Slit-like space between the false and true focal folds

30
Q

Infraglottic cavity compartment of the larynx

A

space inferior to the true vocal folds and superior to the cricoid cartilage

31
Q

Function of the lateral cricoarytenoid

A

Close/adduct the vocal folds

32
Q

Function of the posterior cricoarytenoid

A

Only abductor of the true vocal folds

33
Q

Function of the C-shaped cartilage in the trachea

A

Rings that give support to prevent wall from collapsing and obstructing airway

34
Q

Trachealis in the trachea

A

Smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue connect ends of C-cartilage posteriorly

35
Q

Carina in the trachea

A

Projection of inferior most tracheal cartilage at the point where the trachea divides into the right and left primary bronchi
- Contains sensitive receptors for triggering a cough reflex

36
Q

Main/Primary Bronchi Characteristics

A

Right main bronchus is more vertical than the left

  • Left bronchus crosses over the heart making it longer and more horizontal
  • Right bronchus is where food gets lodged
37
Q

Cartilage and smooth muscle in the bronchi

A

As the tube becomes smaller, the amount of cartilage decreases and the smooth muscle increases

38
Q

Intrapulmonary bronchi

A

bronchi within the lungs

- have islands of cartilage

39
Q

Do bronchioles have cartilage?

A

No but they do have a complete ring of smooth muscle

40
Q

Where does the primary bronchi enter the lung?

A

At the hilus

41
Q

What structures form the root of the lung?

A

Pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, lymphatics, and bronchiolar arteries

42
Q

What is the functional unit of the respiratory portion?

A

Alveolus

43
Q

Where does the respiratory portion begin?

A

At the respiratory bronchiole

44
Q

Important function of the respiratory portion?

A

Dual function - conduction function but has openings in its walls that connect to alveoli so it also has a respiratory function

45
Q

What indicates the first place that respiration can occur along the bronchioles?

A

Appearance of alveoli after the terminal bronchiole

46
Q

What does each respiratory bronchiole end in?

A

An alveolar sac

47
Q

What is the alveolus?

A

thin-waled sac that is pushed up against a neighboring thin-walled sac
- creates an intervening interalveolar septum where the capillaries necessary for oxygenation of the blood are located

48
Q

What is the blood-air barrier?

A

The distance between the lumen of the capillary and the alveolar sac

49
Q

Type 1 alveolar cells/pneumocytes

A

(lining) Squamous type which forms the majority of the alveolar wall
- very thin, allows for diffusion to occur

50
Q

Type 2 alveolar cells/pneumocytes

A

(secretory) Cuboidal type which secretes surfactant

51
Q

What is surfactant?

A

A lipid substance that lowers surface tension to stop the alveolar walls from sticking to one another during exhalation

52
Q

What is the pleura?

A

A serous slippery membrane that lines surface of the lung and posterior surface of the thoracic wall

53
Q

Where is the visceral pleura?

A

Touching the lung

54
Q

Where is the parietal pleura?

A

Outer layer that does not directly touch the lung

55
Q

Parietal layer characteristics?

A

Outer, highly sensitive layer, that lines body wall and mediastinum

  • innervated by the ventral rami via the intercostal nerves
  • 3 divisions
56
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the pleura?

A

Mediatinal - lines mediastinum
Costal - lines back of rib cage
Diaphragmatic - lines surface of the diaphragm

57
Q

Visceral layer characteristics?

A

Inner, insensitive to pain, found inseparably attached to the surface of the lung

58
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

The space between the parietal and visceral layer of serous fluid

59
Q

Characteristics of both lungs

A

Pink, soft, spongy, and elastic

  • conical shaped
  • fissures divide the lung into lobes
60
Q

Characteristics of the right lung

A

Has 2 fissures - oblique and horizontal

  • Larger with 3 lobes
  • Middle lobe
61
Q

Characteristics of the left lung

A

Has 1 fissure - oblique fissure

  • Smaller with 2 lobes
  • Cardiac notch
62
Q

A lung is supplied by a _____ bronchus

A

Primary

63
Q

A lobe of the lung is supplied by a _______ bronchus

A

Secondary / Lobar

64
Q

A bronchopulmonary segment (BPS) of the lung is supplied by a _______ bronchus

A

Tertiary / Segmental

65
Q

What is the bronchopulmonary segment?

A

Smallest surgically removable part of the lung

- each lung has about 10 BPS

ANA 209 (6 decks)

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