Digestive System

Question 1

What does the GI tract include?

Answer 1

Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Esophogus
Stomach
Small Intestines
Large Intestine
Rectum
Anus

Question 2

Accessory organs include?

Answer 2

Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

Question 3

What are the layers of the GI tract deep to superficial?

Answer 3

1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis externa
4. Serosa/adventitia

Question 4

What are the layers of the mucosa? Deep to superficial

Answer 4

1. Epithelial - direct contact with food matter
2. Lamina Propria - basement membrane
3. Muscularis mucosa - contains many nerves

Question 5

What type of tissue is submucosa?

Answer 5

Connective tissue

- full of lymphatics, nerves and blood vessels

Question 6

Layers of muscularis externa Deep to superficial

Answer 6

1. Inner - circular muscle fibers

2. Outer - longitudinal muscle fibers

Question 7

Serosa/adventitia type of tissue

Answer 7

Serosa - prevent friction

Adventitia - outer layer made of fibrous CT

Question 8

How many deciduous (baby) teeth are there?

Answer 8

20

- including (half) 2 incisors, 1 canine, 0 premolar, and 2 molar

Question 9

How many permanent teeth are there?

Answer 9

32

- including (half) 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolar, and 3 molar

Question 10

What is the enamel made of?

Answer 10

Calcium mostly

Question 11

What is the dentin made of?

Answer 11

Living cells

Question 12

What is contained in the pulp?

Answer 12

Veins, arteries, and nerves

Question 13

What is contained within saliva?

Answer 13

Water, digestive enzymes, antibacterial enzymes, salts

Question 14

What digestive enzymes are in saliva?

Answer 14

Salivary amylase - digestion of starch

Salivary lipase - digestion of lipids

Question 15

What is the function of the parotid gland?

Answer 15

Anterior to the ear

- Secretes serous fluid

Question 16

What is the function of the submandibular gland?

Answer 16

Inferior to the mandible

- Secretes 50/50 mucous/serous fluid

Question 17

What is the function of the sublingual gland?

Answer 17

Inferior to the tongue

- mostly mucous

Question 18

What is an acinus?

Answer 18

Any berry shaped gland

Question 19

What is the esophagus?

Answer 19

Muscular tube that connects the oral cavity/pharynx to the stomach

Question 20

What is the gastroesophageal sphinter?

Answer 20

Where the esophogus enters the stomach

Question 21

What does the stomach do?

Answer 21

Mixes food, rugae mix food, protein digestion breaks down food

Question 22

What is the pyloric sphincter?

Answer 22

Anatomical sphincter guarding the entrance to the small intestine

Question 23

What is unique about the muscularis externa in the stomach?

Answer 23

One extra layer (oblique) adds to the mixing ability

Question 24

What attaches to the greater and lesser curvatures of the stomach respectively?

Answer 24

Greater - greater omentum, large fatty flap

Lesser - Lesser omentum, supports and connects stomach and liver

Question 25

What is the function of mucous cells?

Answer 25

Produces mucous to protect against highly acidic stomach contents

Question 26

What is the function of chief cells?

Answer 26

Produce pepsinogen (precursor to pepsin) to break down proteins

Question 27

What is the function of parietal cells?

Answer 27

Produce HCl which is necessary to activate pepsinogen

Question 28

What is the function of endocrine cells?

Answer 28

Produce gastrin

Question 29

What is the duodenum shaped like? And what is its function?

Answer 29

C-shaped - where secretions from the pancreas and gallbladder are added to the chyme that has moved from the stomach to the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter

Question 30

What enzymes does the pancreas release?

Answer 30

Trypsinogen, amylase, lipase, and ribonuclease

Question 31

What is the digestive function of the liver?

Answer 31

Make bile, glycogen, and dispose of RBC

Question 32

What makes up the portal triad?

Answer 32

Hepatic vein Hepatic artery Bile Duct

Question 33

What type of blood is located in a sinusoid?

Answer 33

Mixed - 70% portal vein, 30% hepatic artery

Question 34

What is cholecystitis?

Answer 34

Inflammation of gallbladder results in a cholisistectomy

Question 35

What are the three sections of the small intestine?

Answer 35

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Question 36

Characteristics of the duodenum

Answer 36

Where the ingredients for digestion are added | - fixed against the posterior abdominal wall

Question 37

Characteristics of the jejunum

Answer 37

Absorbs nutrients | - Both jejunum and ileum are suspended by mesentery that allows for mobility during digestion

Question 38

What do intestinal cells include?

Answer 38

Enterocytes - absorb nutrients Goblet cells - secrete mucous Paneth cells - secrete antimicrobial enzymes

Question 39

Large intestine characteristics

Answer 39

Shorter and wider diameter than the small intestine - Consists of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal - Haustra - puches of muscularis externa

Question 40

Characteristics of the rectum

Answer 40

Does not have haustra | - instead has continuous layers of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa

Question 41

Characteristics of the anal canal

Answer 41

Has 2 sphincters - internal (involuntary) and external (voluntary)