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ANA 209 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the urinary system

A

Urine production, drainage, storage, and elimination
Regulation of ion balance and water content
Blood pressure stabilization - secretes renin
Elimination, excretion of toxic-end products
Maintenance of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood via erythropoietin

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2
Q

Where are all components of the urinary system located?

A

Retroperitoneal - behind the peritoneum in the abdominal and pelvic cavities

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3
Q

Each kidney is capped by a ______

A

suprarenal gland (adrenal gland)

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4
Q

Where do vessels and nerves enter the renal sinus of the kidney?

A

Renal hilus

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5
Q

Rena medulla

A

Inner region facing the renal sinus

- includes the renal pyramids

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6
Q

Renal Cortex

A

Outer region that appears granular from the tubules leading to the nephron and large number of renal corpuscles in this region

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7
Q

What is considered a lobe for the kidney?

A

1 Medullary pyramid plus the overlying cortex

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8
Q

Where is renal produced and where does it drain?

A

Urine is produced in the renal pyramid and drains to the tip called the renal papilla
- then it drains into the minor calyx, then major calyx, and lastly into the enlarged renal pelvis

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9
Q

What is the enlarged renal pelvis?

A

The expanded upper portion of the ureter

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10
Q

What structure transports the urine to the bladder?

A

The ureter

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11
Q

What makes up a major calyx?

A

2+ pyramids

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12
Q

What is the basic functional and structural unit of the kidney?

A

The nephron

- 1 million per kidney

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13
Q

What are the functions of the nephron?

A

Filtration
Excretion
Absorption

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14
Q

What are the components of the nephron components?

A

Renal corpuscle

Renal Tubule - contains a fluid called tubular fluid (pre-mature urine)

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15
Q

What is the renal corpuscle composed of?

A

glomerular capillary called the glomerulus

- it’s surrounded by the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

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16
Q

Where are the renal corpuscle and proximal convoluted tubule located?

A

In the Cortex

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17
Q

Is the collecting duct considered part of the nephron?

A

No

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18
Q

Where does the glomerular capillary (glomerulus) arise from?

A

From the afferent arteriole

- leaves the renal corpuscle as an efferent arteriole

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19
Q

How does blood enter the kidney?

A

Via the renal artery

- branches into segmental arteries once inside the hilus of the kidney

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20
Q

What do the renal arteries branch into?

A

Interlobar arteries

- pass between the medullary pyramids

21
Q

Where do the interlobar arteries branch into the arcuate arteries?

A

At the border between medullary pyramid and cortex

- corticomedullary junction

22
Q

What give rise to the interlobar arteries?

A

Arcuate arteries

23
Q

What do the interlobar arteries divide into?

A

Into the afferent arterioles

24
Q

What is the purpose of the afferent arterioles?

A

to bring waste-laden blood into the glomerulus where it is filtered

25
Q

How does filtered blood leave the glomerulus?

A

Through the efferent arteriole

26
Q

What do the efferent arterioles form?

A

A secondary network of peritubular capillaries

27
Q

What is the function of the glomerular capillaries?

A

Extra-efficient filtering

28
Q

What is the function of the peritubular capillaries?

A

They surround the tubular system of the nephron and function in resorbing up to 99% of the fluid lost in the glomerulus but leaves the waste in the urine

29
Q

What is the macula densa?

A

Tightly packed cells in the wall of the ascending loop of Henle
- sense changes to the blood volume and sends a chemical signal to the juxtaglomerular cells

30
Q

What do the juxtaglomerular cells do?

A

Secrete renin which increases water retention

31
Q

What is the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle?

A

Where the afferent and efferent arteriole enter and leave the renal corpuscle

32
Q

What is the urinary pole of the renal corpuscle?

A

Where the urinary filtrate that enters the filtration space within bowman’s capsule, leaves to enter the tubular portion of the nephron via the proximal convoluted tubule

33
Q

What layer covers the portions of Bowman’s capsule that forms the outer wall?

A

Parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule

34
Q

What layer covers the glomerular capillary?

A

Visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

- becomes podocytes

35
Q

What is the structure of podocytes?

A

They have many processes that interdigitate with adjacent podocyte processes and completely cover the outside of the glomerular capillary

36
Q

What is the filtration slit?

A

The space between the adjacent podocyte processes

37
Q

What is the filtration barrier?

A

Where anything filtered from the fenestrated capillary of the glomerulus must cross the fused basement membranes of the podocyte and the cells of the glomerular capillary

38
Q

What are the three main processes that form urine?

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
39
Q

Where does tubular reabsorption occur?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

- cells here have dense brush borders that increase surface area

40
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

A process where substances are transported from the peritubular capillary into the renal tubule and excreted in the urine.

41
Q

What is the overall path of urine elimination?

A
  1. Nephron
  2. Collecting Duct
  3. Renal Papilla
  4. Minor Calyx
  5. Major Calyx
  6. Renal Pelvis
  7. Ureters - transport
  8. Bladder
  9. Urethra
42
Q

Ureters characteristics

A

Lined by transitional epithelium

- composed of 3 layers: mucosa, muscular, and fibrous coat

43
Q

What is the mucosa made of?

A

Transitional epithelium

44
Q

What is the muscular layer of the ureter?

A

inner = longitudinal, outer = circular

- helps to move urine towards the urinary bladder using peristaltic waves

45
Q

What is the fibrous coat of the ureter?

A

Outer layer of CT that binds it to surrounding tissues

46
Q

Where are kidney stones formed?

A

The pelvis of the ureter

47
Q

What are the four layers of the urinary bladder?

A

Deep to superficial

  1. Mucosa - transitional epithelium
  2. Submucosa - elastic CT
  3. Muscular layer - smooth muscle, forms of the detrusor muscle
  4. Serosa/adventitia - parietal peritoneum on the upper wall with fibrous CT on the rest
48
Q

How does micturition (urination) occur?

A

Contraction of the detrusor muscle, abdominal wall, pelvic floor, and diaphragm

  • internal sphincter must relax (involuntary)
  • external urethral sphincter must also relax (Voluntary)
49
Q

How do male and female urethra differ?

A

In length

  • male is much longer
  • female is easier for infection

ANA 209 (6 decks)

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