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DMD 5247 > respiratory histology/embryology > Flashcards

respiratory histology/embryology Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What parts of the respiratory system make up the conducting zone

A 
nasal cavity
pharnyx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
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2
Q

what parts of the respiratory system make up the respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli

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3
Q

what are the parts of the upper respiratory system

A

nasal cavity and pharynx

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4
Q

what are the parts of the lower respiratory system

A

larynx
trachea
bronchioles
alveoli

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5
Q

What are the functions of the nose

A

warm (via rich capillary network)

humidify and filter incoming air (via ciliated mucus membrane)

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6
Q

What are the functions of the pharynx

A

passage way for food

passage way for air

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7
Q

what are the parts of the pharynx, and what kind of epithelium do they have

A

nasopharynx (pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium)
oropharynx (stratified squamous epithelium)
laryngopharynx (stratified squamous epithelium)

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8
Q

What are the three main cartilage of the larynx

A

epiglottis
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage

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9
Q

what are the functions of the larynx

A

direct air to the trachea and food to the esophagus
false vocal cords close the trachea while swallowing
true vocal cords produce sound

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10
Q

What is the epithelium of the trachea like

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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11
Q

what do the cilia of the trachea do

A

move mucus and trapped debris up the trachea and down into the esophagus

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12
Q

Right lung characteristics

A 
shorter and wider than left
three lobes (superior, inferior and middle)
Two fissures (horizontal and oblique)
displaced by the liver
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13
Q

left lung characteristics

A 
longer and skinnier than right
2 lobes (superior and inferior)
1 fissure (oblique)
displaced by the heart
cardiac notch
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14
Q

what are the functions of the bronchial tree

A

distribute air through the lungs

filter incoming air

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15
Q

what is the path of air through the bronchial tree to the alveoli during inhalation

A 
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli
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16
Q

what is the alveoli

A

microscopic air sacs, the site of gas exchange

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17
Q

What are the four layers through which gases pass in the lungs into the blood

A

type 1 alveolar epithelial cell
basement membrane of alveolar cell
basement membrane of capillary cell
endothelial cell of capillary

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18
Q

what lines the alveoli, and what is its function

A

surfactant, it reduces surface tension and prevents closure

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19
Q

What is the basic transition of epithelial cells from the trachea to the alveoli

A

trachea and bronchi - ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
bronchioles - simple cuboidal epithelium with clara cells
alveoli - simple squamous epithelium with surfactant

Gradual changes

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of the alveolar type 1 cells

A

line the majority of the alveoli
site of gas exchange
flat and thin
no mitosis

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21
Q

what are the characteristics of alveolar type 2 cells

A

do mitosis, create both type 1 and type 2 cells

produce surfactant

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22
Q

what are the properties of surfactant

Study These Flashcards
A

90 percent lipids 10 percent protein

23
Q

What is external respiratoin

Study These Flashcards
A

gas exchange between capillaries and the environment

24
Q

what is internal respiration

Study These Flashcards
A

gas exchange between the blood and the cells

25
what are the three steps of external respiration
pulmonary ventilation (breathing) gas diffusion across membranes and capillaries transport of CO2 and O2 between alveoli and capillaries
26
what are the parts of the pleural cavity (place in which the lungs sit)
parietal pleura attached to the chest wall visceral pleura attached to the lung pleural fluid between the layers diaphragm as the floor of the cavity
27
What are the cohesive forces of the lung and the chest cavity, and what do they ensure
the lung tries to collapse the chest tries to expand these cohesive forces ensure transmural pressure
28
what is pneumothorax
when air gets in the pleural space causing the chest and lung to become uncoupled and causes the lung to collapse
29
what is compliance of the lungs
measure of the expandibility of the lungs
30
what does low lung compliance cause
more work needed to expand the lung
31
what is resistance of the lungs
degree of ease of airflow
32
what affects resistance
number. length and diameter of the airways
33
what determines the diameter of the airways, and thus lung resistance
``` sympathetic = bronchodilation parasympathetic = bronchoconstriction ```
34
what determines the compliance of the respiratory system
compliance of the lungs - surface tension of liquid in the lungs - elastic recoil of the lungs stiffness of the chest wall
35
what does emphysema cause in terms of respiratory compliance
emphysema causes an increase in compliance, meaning they easily inflate, but are hard to deflate
36
what does fibrosis cause in terms of respiratory compliance
fibrosis causes a decrease in compliance, making the lungs stiff and difficult to inflate
37
what causes us to inhale
diaphragm and external intercostals contract and cause the chest cavity to expand, increasing size of pleural cavity, lowering pressure of the pleural cavity, drawing air in
38
what causes us to exhale
passive - relaxation of the diaphragm of the external intercostals forced - contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles decreases pleural cavity size increases pleural pressure forces air out
39
what is the main control center of respiration
medullary response center
40
what are the parts of the medulllary response center, and what are their functions
dorsal respiratory group - sets normal rhythm | ventral respiratory group - controls inspiration and expiration when demand increases
41
What do the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers or respiration control of the pons do
pneumotaxic - switch off inspiratory neurons | apneustic - prevents the pneumotaxic from switching off insiratory neurons
42
what is alveolar ventilation
the volume of fresh air introduced into the gas exchanging regions of the lungs per minute MAV = rate x tidal volume - dead space
43
where does the majority of the air inspired go in the lungs
it goes to the smaller alveoli at the base of the lungs because of surfactant they are easier to expand. so the majority of the air goes into the base of the lungs
44
what cause O2 to move from the alveoli, into the capillaries
the partial pressure of O2 in the capillaries is lower (40 mmhg) that the partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli (100mmhg) pushing it into the blood
45
what causes CO2 to move from the capillaries into the alveoli
the partial pressure of CO2 in the capillaries is higher(45 mmhg) that the partial pressure of CO2 in the alveoli (40 mmhg) pushing it into the alveoli
46
what causes O2 to move from the blood into the tissues
the partial pressure of O2 in the blood is higher(100 mmhg) that the partial pressure of O2 in the tissues (40 mmhg) pushing it into the tissues
47
what causes the CO2 to move from the tissues into the blood
the partial pressure of CO2 in the blood is lower (40 mmhg) that the partial pressure of CO2 in the tissues (45 mmhg) pushing it into the blood
48
what helps the blood carry oxygen and carb0n dioxide
RBCs and their hemoglobin
49
what are the functions of RBCs
transport O2 and CO2 to and from the tissues | remove O2 and CO2 from the plasma, allowing gases to diffuse into the blood
50
how many O2 molecules can one hemoglobin carry
4
51
What are the two ways O2 travels in the blood
free in the plasma | bound to Hg on RBCs
52
what are the three ways CO2 travels in the blood
free in the plasma 7% bound to Hg on RBCs 23% as bicarbonate 70%
53
what allows the CO2 stored as bicarbonate to be transported out
Hg takes an H, and Cl- switches out for it

DMD 5247 (11 decks)

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