cardiovascular pathology

Question 1

descriptions of chest pain

Answer 1

d

Question 2

what is heart failure

Answer 2

when the heart can’t pump enough blood to fill the bodies needs

Question 3

where does blood pool in right heart failure

Answer 3

the systemic circulation

Question 4

what are the problems associated with right heart failure

Answer 4

hepatomegaly
splenomegaly
ascites
peripheral edema

Question 5

where does blood pool in left heart failure

Answer 5

the lungs

Question 6

what are the problems associated with left heart failure

Answer 6

dyspnea
orthopnea
enlarged heart
increased heart rate
rales (bubbling breathing)
mitral regurgitation, systolic murmur

Question 7

what are the common causes of right heart failure

Answer 7

left heart failure (most common)
cor pulmonale
conginital disease

Question 8

what are the common cause of left heart failure

Answer 8

systemic hypertension
mitral or aortic valve disease
primary heart disease

Question 9

what are the changes to the heart that occur in left heart failure

Answer 9

LV hypertrophy and dilation, LA may be enlarged

Question 10

what are the changes to the heart that occur in right heart failure

Answer 10

RV hypertrophy and dilation, RA may be enlarged

Question 11

what are the three left to right congenital heart diseases

Answer 11

atrial septal defect
ventricular septal defect
patent ductus arteriosus

Question 12

what are the two right to left congenital heart diseases

Answer 12

tetralogy of fallot

transposition of great arteries

Question 13

what are the four problems in tetralogy of fallot

Answer 13

overriding aorta
VSD
pulmonary stenosis
RV hypertrophy

Question 14

what is the problem in transposition of great arteries

Answer 14

the aorta hooks the the Right ventricle, the pulmonary trunk hooks to the left ventricle. two separate and closed circulatory systems

Question 15

what is aortic coarctation

Answer 15

narrowing of the aorta

Question 16

what is ischemic heart disease

Answer 16

lack of blood flow/oxygen to the heart

Question 17

what are the 4 syndromes of ischemic heart disease

Answer 17

angina pectoris
acute MI
chronic IHD
sudden cardiac death

Question 18

what is angina pectoris

Answer 18

chest pain

Question 19

what are the three types of angina pectoris

Answer 19

stable
prinzmetal (variant)
unstable (pre-infarction)

Question 20

what are the characteristics of stable angina pectoris

Answer 20

most common
pain on exertion
fixed narrowing CA

Question 21

what are the characteristics of prinzmetal (variant) angina pectoris

Answer 21

pain at rest

CA spasm

Question 22

what are the characteristics of unstable (preinfarction) angina pectoris

Answer 22

unpredictable pain

plaque distribution and thrombosis

Question 23

what is an acute MI

Answer 23

necrosis of myocardium from ischemia

Question 24

what are the clinical features of acute MI

Answer 24

severe, crushing chest pain
not relieved by nitroglycerin
sweating and nausea

Question 25

what are the two types of acute MI

Answer 25

``` subendocardial infarction (inner wall death) transmural infarction (more than half of the wall is dead) ```

Question 26

what is chronic IHD

Answer 26

accumulation of small ischemic events leads to mechanical failure

Question 27

what is sudden cardiac death

Answer 27

often a result of lethal arrthymia without myocyte necrosis

Question 28

what are the 5 types of heart valve disorders

Answer 28

``` stenosis (failure to open) insufficiency/regurgitation (failure to close) rheumatic valvular disorder mitral valve prolapse syndrome infective endocarditis ```

Question 29

what is rheumatic valvular disease

Answer 29

you get rheumatic fever from group a beta-hemolytic strep, the antibodies against it can later attack the heart valves and cause mitral stenosis

Question 30

what is mitral valve prolapse

Answer 30

when the mitral valve goes backwords into the left atrium

Question 31

what is infective endocarditis

Answer 31

when microbes invade the heart valves and endocarditis

Question 32

what are the three types of cardiomyopathies

Answer 32

dilated hypertrophic restrictive

Question 33

what is a dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 33

when your heart chambers are dilated

Question 34

what is a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 34

when your heart walls are too thick that your ventricles wont fill all the way

Question 35

what is a restrictive cardiomyopathy

Answer 35

deposition of material into the heart wall causing it to be stiff so it cant fill (amyloidosis)

Question 36

what are the two disorders of the pericardium

Answer 36

acute pericarditis | pericardial effusion

Question 37

what does acute pericarditis cause

Answer 37

severe chest pain when breathing and lying down | it can lead to tamponade and chronic fibrosis

Question 38

what is tamponade

Answer 38

physical pressure of the pericarditis that compresses the heart

Question 39

what is pericardial effusion

Answer 39

when fluid fills the pericardium (causes tamponade)

Question 40

how common are primary heart tumors

Answer 40

very uncommon (usually benign) (they usually metastisize from the lungs of lymphoma)