Flashcards in Respiratory II Deck (53):
1
# of breaths per minute
respiratory rate (ventilation rate)
2
respiratory rate X tidal volume
munite ventilation L/min (LPM)
3
respiratory rate is inversely related to _____ ____, but directly related to PCO2 and H+
arterial PO2
4
primary driver of ventilation
blood PaCO2 & H+ concentration--strength and rate of inhalation
5
CO2 easily crosses _____, reacts with H2O to form new H+ and lower _____
BBB--
pH
6
secondary driver of ventilation
PaO2 concentration
7
low O2 in blood (PaO2)
hypoxemia -- low minute ventilation
8
hypoxemia due to
hypoventilation
9
volume in airways/lungs that doesn't participate in gas exchange
dead space (anatomic: nose pharynx, trachea/airway)
(physiologic: anatomic + nonfunctional alveoli)
10
hypoxemia w/ exercise likely due to
diffusion problem
11
intraoperative or life support blows O2 and N into lungs (inspiratory only needed)
mechanical ventilation
12
blood flow next to alveoli facilitating gas exchange
perfusion
13
perfusion driven by
ANS and local factors
14
_____ ventilation and perfusion at the _____ of lungs, due to ________
better--
base--
gravity (blood pools lower--less alveoli at top of lungs)
15
____ alveoli ___ compliant
apex--
less
16
V/Q =
ventilation/ perfusion
17
______ and ______ better at bottom of lung
ventilation and perfusion
18
____ V/Q is normal
.8
19
inadequate ventilation =
V/Q<0.8
20
ventilation is good (lots of O2 in the alveoli, but blood flow (perfusion) is low
V/Q > 0.8
ventilating dead space--
21
redirection of blood flow to bypass alveoli
(normal L --> R common)
shunt
22
R --> L shunt (tetralogy of Fallot)
septal wall defect--will get hypoxemia
23
dx pulmonary disease
1. Chest X-ray first
2. pulmonary function tests--(full function, spirometry(( vol and flow over time)), diffusion)
3. arterial blood gasses (ABG)--blood draw during exercies
24
Low O2 content in an organ
hypoxia
25
low ventilation--inadequate to keep PCO2 from rising above normal
hypoventilation
26
Low PO2 measured in arterial blood
hypoxemia
27
capacities = sums of________
volumes
28
residual volume
can't access it--keeps alveoli open so good
29
TLC
total lung capacity= residual vol+Expiratory reserve vol+tidal vol+ inspiratory reserve vol slide 34
30
resting breath in breath out
tidal volume
31
tidal vol + inspiratory reserve =
inspiratory capacity
32
memorize slide 33/34
*
33
test that measures how fast and how much air you breath out
office spirometry--for dx and mgmt of asthma and COPD
34
office spirometry measures f
1. forced vital capacity in %
2. fraction of air that expired in 1 sec (FEV1)
3. ratio of FEV1/ FVC-- measures degree of obstruction
35
office spirometry graphed as
flow-volume curve
obstruction=bowl shape (longer to exhale)
restriction=missile shaped
36
The air that reaches the alveoli
Ventilation
37
The blood that reaches the alveoli
Perfusion
38
Ratio of air and blood reaching alveoli
V/Q= .8 (norm)
39
for spirometery: FEV/FVC= .8
80% of capacity can be expelled in 1 second
40
normal oxyhemoglobin saturation
98%
41
normal O2 in plasma-- unbound
2%
42
watch O2 hemoglobin dissociation curve video -- do slides w/ slide show
*
43
pulse-ox measures
% of Hemoglobin SATURATION at given time
44
middle of O2-HgB dissociation curve denotes
O2 loading/unloading period of HgB
45
HgB dissociation curve will be shifted by
change in affinity
46
P50 used as
reference point
47
if P50 is high
low O2-HgB affinity--> Right shift (hyperthermia, acidosis)
48
if P50 is low
high O2-HgB affinity--> Left shift (hypothermia, alkalosis)
49
high bound CO2-HgB
low O2-HgB affinity --> high P50 (Bhor)
50
Mneumonic
Exercising Muscle is Warm, Acidic, and makes lot's of CO2
51
CADET face Right
CO2, acid, DPG, Exercise, ^temp --> Right
52
basically for HgB dissociation curve
relation of HgB saturation & PaO2
53