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Respiratory Pathology Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 types of primary lung cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Small cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma

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2
Q

What are features of small cell carcinomas?

A

Less cytoplasm, fine nuclear chromatin and less prominent nucleoli

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3
Q

What are the features of non-small cell carcinomas?

A

More cytoplasm, clumped and prominent nuclei

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4
Q

What type of lung carcinoma shows keratinisation?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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5
Q

What type of lung carcinoma shows gland formation and/or mucin production?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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6
Q

What type of patients are primary lung lymphomas normally seen in?

A

HIV/AIDs patients

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7
Q

Synovial sarcomas are a type of

A

Malignant mesenchymal tumour

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8
Q

Carcinoid tumours are

A

low grade malignant tumours

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9
Q

What type of tumour is most common in the lungs?

A

Secondary

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10
Q

Where do secondary lung mets come from?

A

Breast, GIT, Kidney

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11
Q

Which genetic mutations are associated with lung tumours?

A

EGFR, KRAS, ALK

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12
Q

What is asbestos associated with?

A

Mesotheliomas and lung fibrosis

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13
Q

Clinical features of a lung tumour may include

A 
haemoptysis
breathlessness 
chest pain
dysphagia
weight loss
clubbing
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14
Q

Horner’s syndrome can occur due to what

A

a pancoast tumour in the apex

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15
Q

What is lymphangitis carcinomatosa?

A

Where the lymphatics within the lung are involved by the tumour

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16
Q

Who is asthma most common in?

A

Young adults and children

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17
Q

What can trigger asthma?

A

NSAIDs, exercise, cold air, irritants

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18
Q

How is asthma managed?

A

O2
Bronchodilators (salbutamol, ipratropium bromide)
Steroids

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19
Q

What is COPD?

A

A clinical grouping of emphysema and bronchitis

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20
Q

What is the difference between emphysema and bronchitis?

A

Emphysema- exchange surface is lost

Bronchitis- bronchioles are narrowed and lumen is narrower

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21
Q

What type of pattern is shown in chronic bronchitis?

A

Centrilobular emphysema

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22
Q

What causes centrilobular emphysema?

A

Coal dust and smoking

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23
Q

What causes panlobular emphysema?

A

commonly an alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

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24
Q

What causes panseptal emphysema?

A

upper lobe subpleural bullae

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25
SOB on exertion, dysponea, right heart sign/symptoms are clinical features of
Emphysema
26
What can result from a chronic necrotising infection?
Bronchiectasis
27
What are the clinical features of bronchiectasis?
cough fever pneumonia foul smelling sputum
28
Type 1 pneumocytes die in
acute interstitial lung disease
29
ARDS can be caused by
shock, trauma, smoke, O2
30
A 'honeycomb lung' is common at the end stage of
chronic interstitial lung disease
31
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis usually shows
'cobblestoning' of the pleural surface
32
Sarcoidosis causes
non-caseating perilymphatic granulomas and then fivrosis
33
Pneumoconioses are lung diseases caused by
inhalation of mineral dusts in the workplace i.e. coal workers pneumoconiosis silicosis
34
Pigeon fanciers lung and farmers' lung causes what type of reaction?
Type III Hypersensitivity reaction
35
CF is caused by a genetic abnormality of
CTFR channel coded for on chromosome 7
36
Meconium ileus, liver cirrhosis, impaired fat absorption and vitamin deficiencies are common in
CF
37
What causes symmetrically inflamed tonsils and posterior cervical lymphadenopathy?
EBV
38
What causes no inflammation of tonsils but a severe sore throat?
Epiglottitis
39
What is the Centor criteria?
Indication of a sore throat being due to a bacterial infection
40
What are features of the centor criteria?
Tonsillar exudate Fever >38 Abscence of cough Tender cervical lymphadenopathy
41
Pharyngitis is commonly caused by ... whilst epiglottitis is commonly caused by...
viruses | bacteria
42
Epiglottitis is managed with
IV antibiotics (3rd gen cephalosporins)
43
Otitis externa must present for ... to be chronic
>3 weeks
44
What are causes of acute OE?
S.aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa
45
Malignant OE should be managed with
6 weeks IV ceftazidime then PO ciprofloxacin
46
Otitis media is commonly caused by
S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and Morazella catarhhalis
47
Bacteria that typically cause pneumonia are
``` Streptococcus pneumoniae H. influenzae Moraxella Catarrhalis S. aureus Klebsiella pneumoniae ```
48
Clinical features of pneumonia include
``` rapid onset fever productive cough dull on percussion reduced air entry ```
49
Pneumonia caused by mycoplama pneumoniae
is common is young children | can cause Guillain-Barre and peripheral neuropathy
50
Pneumonia caused legionella pneumophilia
colonises water piping systems shows deranged LFTs causes N&V
51
Exposure to birds that leads to pneumonia is caused by?
Chlamydophilia psittaci
52
What are the features of CURB65?
Confusion Urea >7 mmol/L Respiratory rate >30 Blood pressure <90/60
53
A score of 2 or above in CURB65 means
the patient should be treated at hospital
54
Ventilator acquired pneumonia is caused by
Pseudomonas spp
55
The normal mesothelium secretes what?
Hyaluronic acid rich fluid to lubricate the pleural cavity
56
Parietal pleural fibrous plaques are associated with
low level asbestos dust exposure People with this aren't eligible for Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit
57
empyema and pyothorax is usually
secondary to pneumonia
58
What has low protein and low lactate dehydrogenase?
Transudates can be caused by LV failure
59
Exudates have
high protein and high lactate dehydrogenase due to inflammation and neoplasm
60
Do malignant mesotheliomas metastasise widely?
No
61
How can an advanced malignant mesothelioma be identified using via immunostaining?
Cytokeratin S | Calretinin

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