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245 Dental Pharmacology > Respiratory Pharmacology > Flashcards

Respiratory Pharmacology Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two main respiratory pathologies?

A

Asthma and COPD

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2
Q

Characteristics of asthma

A
  • Episodic and reversible
  • Inflammatory condition
  • Marked by a reduction in expiratory air flow (bronchioles obstructed by muscle spasm, edema of mucoa and thick secretions)
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3
Q

What medication would be used for immediate relief of asthma?

A

Albuterol

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4
Q

What medication would be used for long-term treatment of asthma?

A

Anti-inflammatory steroid

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5
Q

What is asthma precipitated by?

A

Precipitated by allergens, pollution, exercise, stress, upper respiratory infection, sulfites

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma?

A
  • Symptoms include wheezing and shortness of breath
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7
Q

Characteristics of COPD

A
  • Chronic and irreversible airway obstruction
  • Air Trapping
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8
Q

What are the two types of COPD?

A
  • Emphysema
  • Chronic bronchitis
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9
Q

What is emphysema?

A
  • Alveolar destruction
  • Airspace enlargement
  • Airway collapse
  • Slow onset usually due to smoking, may resmble old age
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10
Q

What do we not give pts w/ COPD?

A

Nitrous

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11
Q

What is a possible surgical treatment for COPD

A

Lobectomy

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12
Q

What is the main treatment for respiratory pathologies?

A

Metered dose inhalers that deliver medication directly to the bronchioles

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13
Q

What are the advantages of metered dose inhalers?

A
  • Lower dose means less adverse effects
  • Greater bronchiodilating effect
  • Can be accurately measured
  • Rapid, predictable onset of action
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14
Q

Disadvantages of metered dose inhalers

A

Difficult to use properly
Easily overused which can lead to diminished response
Need for “spacer”

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15
Q

What type of autonomic agents are used in the treatment of respiratory pathologies?

A
  • Short-acting beta-2 agonists
  • Cholinergic Antagonists
  • Inhaled corticosteroids
  • Leukotriene receptor antagonists
  • Antihistamines
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16
Q

What are short-acting beta-2 agonists used for?

A

“Rescue Inhalers”
Albuterol
Used for acute episodes or management of mild symptoms

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17
Q

Why are long-acting beta-2 agonists use controversial?

A

Long acting beta agonists can cause death
-Not a tx for asthma
-Not anti-inflammatory

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18
Q

What are cholinergic antagonists used for?

A
  • Management of moderate to severe COPD
  • Management of chronic bronchoconstriction
  • NOT for acute episodes
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19
Q

What are some adverse effects of beta-2 agonists?

A
  • Increased HR and BP
  • Anxiety
  • Tremor
  • Xerostomia
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20
Q

What are some adverse effects of cholinergic antagonists?

A
  • Blurred vision and sensitivity to light
  • Headache
  • Nausea
  • Cough
  • Tachychardia
  • Xerostomia and altered taste
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21
Q

What is the mechinism of action of inhaled corticosteroids?

A
  • Reduce hypersensitivity of airway to allergens
  • Reduce inflammation
    -Decrease narrowing of airways
    -Decrease swelling at bronchioles
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22
Q

What are some types of inhaled corticosteroids?

Study These Flashcards
A

Qvar (beclomethasone)
Flovent (fluticasone)
Pulmicort (budesonide)

23
Q

What are some adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroids?

Study These Flashcards
A

Xerostomia
Hoarse voice
Cough
Increased fungal infections (oral candidiasis)

24
Q

What are the 4 I’s?

Study These Flashcards
A

When you take a drug that reduces inflammation:
* Reduced immunity
* Increased risk of infection
* Impaired wound healing

25
What condition may people have when they use inhaled corticosteroids that they may not realize they have until a clinician looks in their mouth? How can this be prevented?
* Fungal pharyngitis * Pt. should be instructed to gargle and rinse w/ water after use
26
When using a corticosteroid and beta-2 agonist together, which should be used first?
Beta-2 agonist
27
What is the mechanism of action of leukotriene receptor antagonists?
* Block the action fo leukotrienes (inflammatory mediators) * Inhibit the immune response to allergens - Decrease airway contriction, mucous secretion - Promote bronchodilation
28
What form are leukotriene receptor antagonists made in?
Singulair (montelukast)- Pill (not inhaled)
29
Who are leukotriene receptor antagonists given to?
Those who don't want or cannot have steroids
30
What are leukotriene receptor antagonists used to treat?
* People with asthma * Used to treat allergies * NOT used to treat COPD
31
What is an adverse effect of leukotriene receptor antagonists?
Causes increased risk of suicidal ideation
32
What is the mechanism of action of antihistamines?
Selectively block histamine-1 receptors Decrease allegic rxn
33
How are antihistamines organized?
* By generations * Based on potential for sedation
34
Describe 1st generation antihistamines
* High potential for sedation * diphenhydramine- Benadryl
35
Describe 2nd generation antihistamines
* Considered "non-sedating" * loratadine- Claritin * centirizine- Zyrtec
36
What are antihistamines used to treat?
* Seasonal allergies * Mild allergic rxns * Anaphylaxis * Nausea * Motion sickness
37
Adverse effects of antihistamines
Sedation Xerostomia Constipation Headache Tachycardia
38
What can occur if a LA is used when the patient is taking Benadryl?
Can cause arrhythmias
39
What is the mechanism of action of antitussives?
* Act directly on the medulary cough center of the brain to reduce cough reflex * Do not work on your lungs, they work in your brain
40
Types of antitussives
dextromethorphan (DXM) codeine hydrocodone
41
Adverse effects of antitussives
Dying effect on the mucous membranes Drowsiness and sedation GI upset
42
When should antitussives be used?
At the end of a cold to control nonproductive cough
43
Mechanism of action of nasal decongestants
Stimulate alpha receptors in nasal mucosa - promote vasoconstriction - shrink nasal mucous membranes - improve airflow
44
Types of nasal decongestants
Topical: Afrin (oxymetazoline) Systemic: Sudafed (pseudophedrine)
45
What are nasal decongestants used for?
Relieve discomfort of nasal congestion from common cold, sinusitis and allergic rhinitis
46
Adverse ffects of nasal decongestants
Local stinging and burning Rebound congestion Tachycardia
47
What is the mechanism of action of topical nasal steroid decongestants?
Reduce inflammation and allergic response in nasal passages
48
Types of topical nasal steroid decongestant
Nasonex Flonase Rhinocort
49
Uses for topical nasal steroid decongestant
Seasonal alelrgic rhinitis
50
Adverse effects of topical nasal steroid decongestants
Local burning, irritation, stinging Dryness of mucosa Headache
51
Mechanism of action of expectorants
Reduce adhesiveness and surfce tension Allows easier movement of less viscous secretions
52
Types of expetorants
Robitussin (guaifenesin) Mucinex
53
Uses for expectorants
Symptomatic relief of respiratory cnditions characterized by a dry, nonproductive cough
54
Adverse effects of expectorants
GI symptoms Headache, dizziness

245 Dental Pharmacology (20 decks)

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