Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PHA112 > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

(79 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

metabolic processes use O2

CO2 is produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe what is meant by the respiratory quotient (RQ)

A

Ratio of CO2 to O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does RQ depend on?

A

Amount of food consumed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Exchanged of O2 and CO2 between environment and organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List the 4 steps of external respiration

A
  • ventilation
  • O2 and CO2 exchange between air in alveoli and blood in capillaries
  • transport of O2 and CO2 in blood to tissues
  • exchange between tissues and blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What composes the upper respiratory tract?

A

nose
pharynx
larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What composes the lower respiratory tract?

A

trachea
bronchial tree
lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The trachea and bronchi have rigid tubes and rings of cartilage to avoid ______

A

collapsing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bronchioles have no _____, and have ____ muscle walls.

A

cartilage

smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Alveoli are the site of ___ ______

A

gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List the 4 primary functions of the respiratory system

A

Exchange of gases between air and blood
Homeostatic regulation of body pH
Defence agains pathogens
Vocalisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Type 1 alveolar cells are __ cell thick, and Type II cells secrete ______

A

1

surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In alveoli, the pores of Kohn allow ____

A

airflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Large surface area and thinness of alevoli/capillary wall leads to efficient ___ _______

A

gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The diaphragm is made of _____ muscle that separates the _____ cavity and the ______ cavity

A

skeletal
thoracic
adbominal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The pleural sac is a ____ layered, closed sac separating each ____ from the thoracic wall

A

double

lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name the 3 pressures to consider in ventilation

A

atmospheric
intra-alveolar
intrapleural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Air enters the lungs when alveolar pressure is ___ than atmospheric pressure

Air flows out of the lungs when alveolar pressure is ____ than atmospheric pressure

A

less

more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

At any constant temp., pressure exerted by a gas varies inversley with the volume of gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Change the container ___ can change pressure

A

size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Volume in the lungs depends on what?

A

Difference in pressure

stretchability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is pressure difference also called?

A

Transpulmonary pressure (TP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the equation to calculate TP

A

TP = Palv - Pip

Palv is air pressure inside alveoli = pressure inside lungs
Pip is pressure in intrapleural fluid = pressure outside lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the major inspiratory muscles and what activates them?

A

Diaphragm - phrenic nerve

External intercostal muscles - intercostal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Due to ______ and flattening of the diaphragm the thoracic cavity enlarges by ____. This ________ intrapleural pressure, which increases lung volume, which lowers ______ pressure above/below atmospheric pressure and air enters the lungs
``` contraction 75% decreases intra-alveolar below ```
26
In expiration, the inspiratory muscles ____, so the size of the thoracic cavity _____. The intrapleural pressure _____ and lungs are compressed. Intra-alveolar pressure ______ above atmospheric pressure so air moves out of the lungs.
relax decreases increases increases
27
What are the major expiratory muscles?
Abdominal wall muscles | Internal intercostal muscles
28
What allows lungs to rebound if stretched?
elastic recoil
29
What does compliance mean in terms of the lungs?
effort needed to stretch lungs
30
Why do lungs have the ability to recoil|?
Highly elastic connective tissue in lungs | Alveolar surface tension
31
Is there a larger stretch of alveoli after inspiration or expiration?
inspiration (7mmHg)
32
What does the law of LaPlace based on surface tension in the lungs state?
If air pressure in large alveoli is greater than small, the small alveoli will collapse and air flows into large alveoli
33
Type II alveolar cells have phosloplipd molecules that _____ surface tension of lining of alveoli so pressure needed to hold alveoli open is reduced.
lower
34
What is the main determinant of airway resistance?
Diameter of conducting airway
35
What determines diameter of a conducting airway?
Length of system Viscosity of substance flowing Radius of tubes
36
Mucus accumulation in airways can increase/decrease resistance
increase
37
In the bronchioles collapsible tubes increase/decrease airway resistance
increase
38
How do you calculate pulmonary ventilation?
tidal vol x respiratory rate
39
How do you calculate alveolar ventilation?
(tidal vol - dead space) x respiratory rate
40
In pulmonary circulation, the concentration of O2 and CO2 in arterial blood is relatively ______
constant
41
At rest 250ml O2 min-1 consumed and 200ml CO2 min-1 produced So what is the RQ?
RQ = 200/250 = 0.8
42
Is CO2 more or less soluble than O2 in the blood?
CO2 is 30x more soluble
43
PCO2 varies depending on what?
metabolic activity | blood flow to tissue
44
During intense exercise, PO2 is ___, and PCO2 is ___
low | high
45
Large pressure gradients means less/more gas exchange
more
46
Venous blood from active tissue increases/decreases PO2 and increases/decreases PCO2
decreases | increases
47
Venous blood is mixed in the left/right atrium
right
48
What are the 3 factors that determine alveolar partial pressure?
- PO2 + PCO2 inspired air - minute ventilation - the rate respiring tissue consumes O2 and produces CO2
49
When alveolar ventilation exceeds tissue demand PO2 increases/decreases and PCO2 increases/decreases When alveolar ventilation does not match tissue demand PO2 increases/decreases and PCO2 increases/decreases
increases decreases decreases increases
50
What protein carries O2 in the blood?
haemoglobin in erythrocytes
51
What type of curve is the Hb-O2 dissociation curve?
sigmoidal curve
52
What are the 3 factors affecting affinity of Hb for O2?
Temperature pH 2,3-DPG
53
How does temperature affect the affinity of Hb for O2?
As temp increases the curve shifts right
54
How does pH affect the affinity of Hb for O2?
Bohr effect Increasing acidity decreases affinity Hb for O2 In lungs, increasing ph decreases acidity, which increases affinity of Hb for O2 loading and the curve shifts to the left
55
How does 2,3-DPG affect the affinity of Hb for O2?
It binds reversibly to Hb lowering affinity for O2, so the curve shifts right. Promotes unloading
56
What process produces 2,3-DPG?
glycolysis
57
What is myoglobin?
A special Hb that is an O2 binding protein in skeletal muscle
58
Myoglobin has a _____ affinity for O2 than Hb
higher
59
Foetal Hb has a different structure and ____ affinity for O2 than Hb
higher
60
Myoglobin has a _____ affinity for O2 than Foetal Hb
higher
61
What ion transports most CO2?
bicarbonate ion
62
CO2 combines with H2O to form _____ ___, which is facilitated by the enzyme _____ _____ in RBCs. Carbonic acid dissociates into H+ ions and the ______ ion.
carbonic acid carbonic anhydrase bicarbonate
63
Describe what is meant by the chloride shift?
The RBC plasma membrane facilitates diffusion of bicarbonate and chloride ions OUT of the rbc.
64
Describe what is meant by the haldane effect?
Removal of O2 from Hb at tissue cells increases ability of Hb to bind with CO2
65
The haldane effect promotes loading/unloading CO2, while Bohr effect promotes loading/ unloading O2.
loading | unloading
66
Acid/base balance affects ___ in the blood
pH
67
CO2 generates H+ ions, which bind to Hb so makes a ____. Therefore Hb plays a crucial role in maintaining ___ balance
buffer | pH
68
Hypoventilation increases PCO2 + H+ ions-acidic blood. This causes respiratory ____. Thus PCO2 + HCO3- _____ and pH ____
acidosis increase decreases
69
Hyperventilation lowers PCO2 + H+ ions-alkali blood. This causes respiratory ____. Thus PCO2 + HCO3- _____ and pH ____
alkalosis decrease increases
70
What happens if respiratory acidosis persists?
kidney starts to conserve HCO3-
71
What happens if respiratory alkalosis persists?
Kidneys excrete HCO3-
72
What is hypoxia?
Low O2 levels in tissues
73
What is hypoxemia?
O2 deficiency in blood
74
What is Dysoxia?
Lack of O2 utilisation in tissues
75
Give examples of respiratory diseases
COPD chronic bronchitis emphysema
76
What 2 parts make up COPD?
chronic bronchitis + emphysema
77
Describe chronic bronchitis and what the effects excess mucus has
Lung inflammation Xs mucus causes - build up in bronchioles - breeding ground for bacteria
78
Describe emphysema
Persistant coughing that causes stiff tissues and structural damage Less functional alveoli available
79
Why is gas exchange at alveoli rapid?
- thin membrane | - blood vessels close to respiratory membrane

PHA112 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions