Bones - skeletal system Flashcards
1
Q
Name the 2 divisions of the skeletal system
A
Axial
Appendicular
2
Q
List the functions of bones
A
Support Protection Movement Mineral homeostasis Blood cell production (haemopoiesis) Triglyceride storage
3
Q
Name the 2 types of bone tissue
A
Compact
Spongy
4
Q
What is compact bone tissue made of?
A
Osteons and few spaces
5
Q
What is spongy bone tissue made of?
A
Tribeculleus bone tissue and no osteons
6
Q
Name the 4 classes of bone and give an example of each
A
Long (femur/humerus)
Short (carpals/tarsals)
Flat (scapula/sternum/ribs)
Irregular (vertebrae/hip bones)
7
Q
What type of bone tissue are long bones made of?
A
Compact
8
Q
What type of bone tissue are short bones made of?
A
Spongy
9
Q
What type of bone tissue are flat bones made of?
A
Thin layers of compact surrounded by a spongy layer
10
Q
Describe the anatomy of a long bone (3 parts)
A
Diaphysis - shaft of bone made of compact bone tissue
Epiphysis - end of bone made of spongy bone tissue
Metaphysis - Where diaphysis joins the epiphysis
11
Q
Name the structures within a long bone
A
Articular cartilage Periosteum Sharpey's fibres Arteries Endosteum Medullary cavity
12
Q
What are the 2 types of bone markings?
A
Projections + processes
Depressions
13
Q
Bone markings act as attachment sites for what?
A
Muscles
Tendons
Ligaments
14
Q
Name the 3 types of bone cells and are they bone forming / mature / bone destroying ?
A
Osteoblasts - bone - forming
Osteocytes - mature
Osteoclasts - bone destroying
15
Q
What is the the process of bone formation called?
A
Ossification
16
Q
Define remodelling
A
Replacement of old bone
17
Q
Name the 2 methods of ossification
A
Intramembranous
Endochondral
18
Q
Give an example of bone/s that are formed by intramembranous ossification
A
skull bones, mandible
19
Q
Describe the steps of intramembranous ossification
A
- development of ossification centre
- calcification
- formation of spongy bone tissue
- development of periosteum
20
Q
Describe the steps of endochondral ossification
A
- Formation of cartilage model of bones
- Growth of cartilage model
- Development of primary ossification centre
- Medullary cavity forms
- Development of secondary ossification centre
- Epiphyseal plate remains in the epiphysis and diaphysis
21
Q
What two processes maintain homeostasis in bones and what do they involve?
A
Bone resorption - osteoclasts + PTH
Bone deposition - osteoblasts + calcitonin
22
Q
PTH increases/decreases osteoclast activity, and increases/decreases loss of Ca 2+ in urine
A
increases
decreases
23
Q
Calcitonin increases/decreases osteoclast activity
A
decreases
24
Q
What vitamins and minerals are required for bone development, growth and repair?
A
Vit A, C, D
Minerals: Ca, P, Mg
25
What happens when there is a deficiency of Vitamin A, C OR D?
A - retarded bone development
C - fragile bones
D - rickets
26
Insufficient growth hormone leads to _____
dwarfism
27
Excessive growth hormone leads to ______
gigantism
28
Insufficient thyroid hormone leads to a _____ in bone growth
delay
29
Name the 3 parts of the axial skelton
Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax
30
List the functions of the axial skeleton
Support
Protection
Provide a large SA for muscle attachment
31
What are the two types of bones in the skull?
Cranium
| Facial bones
32
Which bone is attached by a freely moveable joint?
Mandible
33
What is the total number of bones in the skull?
22
34
How many skull bones form the cranium?
8
35
How many skull bones form the face?
14
36
There are 7 addition bones associated with the skull, what are they and how are they connected?
6 auditory ossicles within the temporal bones
| 1 hypoid bone connected to inferior surface of temporal bones by a pair of ligaments
37
Name the cranium bones of the skull and where they are
```
Occipital - back
Parietal - top + sides
Frontal - anterior
Temporal - lower sides
Sphenoid + ethmoid - floor
```
38
Name the 3 ear ossicles
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
39
Name the facial bones of the skull and where they are
```
Maxillary bones (2) - upper jaw bone
Palatine (2) - anterior of palate
Nasal bones (2) - fuse together to form the nose bridge
Vomer (1) - divides the nasal cavity
Inferior nasal conchae (2) - creates turbulence in air
Zygomatic (2) - cheeks
Lacrimal (2) - smallest bones
Mandible (1) - lower jaw bone
```
40
Describe the unique features of the skull
Sutures - immovable joint between skull bones
Paranasal sinuses - cavities
Fontanels - soft spot in foetal skull
41
What are the 3 functions of the paranasal sinuses?
Lighten the skull
Their mucous membrane produces mucus that moistens + cleans air in sinus
Give resonance and amplification to voice
42
The fontanelles allow the brain to grow/shrink
grow
43
The hyoid bone supports the ____ and is the attachment site for muscles of ____ , ____ , and ____ .
laynx
| larynx, pharynx, tongue
44
What are the 3 parts of the hyoid bone?
body
greater horns
lesser horns
45
Name the bony cavities in which eyes are encased
Orbits
46
How many bones form the walls of the orbit?
7
47
List the functions of the vertebral column
Protects + encloses spinal cord
Supports skull
Attachment site for muscles of back, ribs and pelvic girdle
The vertebral discs allow movement
Act as shock absorbers to protect the brain
48
What are the regions of the vertebral column from superior to inferior?
```
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 sacrum
1 coccyx
```
49
What are the 2 convex curves in the column?
Cervical
| Lumbar
50
What are the 2 concave curves in the column?
Thoracic
| Sacral
51
How do curves aid the vertebral column?
Increase strength, help balance and absorb shock
52
Vertebra are made of 2 components, what are they?
Body
| Vertebral arch
53
Name the 7 processes from the vertebral arch
```
Transverse process - extends laterally
Spinous process - extends dorsally
2 Superior articular processes
2 Inferior articular processes
these form joints with vertebrae
```
54
What do C1 and C2 do?
C1 (atlas) - supports head
| C2 (axis) - creates pivot for head rotation
55
Thoracic (T1 -T12) vertebrae are larger/smaller than cervical
larger
56
Lumbar (L1-L5) are the largest/smallest and strongest/weakest vertebrae
largest
| strongest
57
How many Sacrum vertebrae are there?
S1-S5
58
How many units are the 4 coccygeal vertebrae fused into?
1
59
What is the average length of the adult vertebral column?
71cm
60
Name 3 abnormal Spinal curvatures
Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis
61
What type of curvature is scoliosis?
abnormal lateral
62
What type of curvature is kyphosis?
exaggerated thoracic
63
What type of curvature is lordosis?
exaggerated lumbar
64
What does the bony thorax comprise of?
Thoracic cage
sternum
ribs - 12 pairs
65
What is the main function of the appendicular skeleton?
Movement
66
What are the 2 girdles that attach limbs to the axial, and how?
Pectoral girdle attaches upper limbs to trunk
| Pelvic girdle attaches lower limbs to trunk
67
The pectoral girdle (shoulder) consists of the ____ and the _____
clavicle and scapula
68
The shoulder joint socket is shallow, which makes it good for ____ but bad for ____ .
flexibility
| stability
69
The sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the _____ .
| The acrominal end articulates with the ______ .
manubrium
| scapula
70
The scapula is located on the ______ surface of the rib cage, and is located between ribs 2 - ___ .
dorsal
| 7
71
Name the 3 borders of the scapula
Superior
Medial (vertebral)
Lateral (axillary)
72
Name the 3 angles of the scapula
Superior
Lateral
Inferior
73
List the 4 regions of the upper limb
Brachium (arm proper)
Antebrachium (forearm)
Carpus (wrist)
Manus (hand)
74
Describe what 4 regions of the upper limb are made of?
Brachium - 1 bone = humerus
Antebrachium - 2 bones = radius and ulna
Carpus - 8 bones in 2 rows
Manus - 19 bones = 5 metacarpals in palm, 14 phalanges in fingers
75
What is the strongest and longest bone of the upper limb?
humerus
76
The humerus articulates with the _____ at the _____ .
| It articulates with the _____ and ______ at the elbow.
scapula
shoulder
radius
ulna
77
In the forearm, the proximal ends articulate with the ____, and the distal ends articulate with _____ . Radius and ulna articulate with each other at the proximal and distal _______ joints.
humerus
carpals
radioulnar
78
The ________ membrane interconnects the radius and ulna.
interossesus
79
The anatomical position of the forearm : the radius is _____ and the ulna is _____ .
lateral
| medial
80
The ulna is the main bone responsible for forming the _____ joint with the humerus, and plays little/no role in hand movement.
elbow
81
The ____ joint allows the forearm to bend on arm
hinge
82
Distal end of the ulna is separated from carpals by _______ .
fibrocartilage
83
Superior surface of radius articulates with the _____ .
capitulum
84
Medially, the radius articulates with the ____ ____ of the ulna.
radial notch
85
Distal radius articulates with _____ bones, and when radius moves, the ____ moves with it.
carpal
| hand
86
Name the proximal row of carpal bones from lateral to medial
scaphoid
lunate
triquetral
pisiform
87
Name the distal row of carpal bones from lateral to medial
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
88
how many metacarpals radiate distally from the wrist
5
89
Metacarpals form the ____ and are labelled 1-__ .
palm
| 5
90
Metacarpals articulate proximally with the distal row of ______ , and they articulate distally with the proximal _____ .
carpals
| phalanges
91
Except for the _____ each finger has 3 phalanges.
proximal
middle
distal
92
The pelvis girdle comprises of 2 ___ bones that attach lower limbs to the ____ skeleton with strong ligaments.
The pelvis girdle supports pelvic _____ .
hip
axial
organs
93
List the 3 hip bones that fuse together in the pelvic girdle, and name the other 2 bones that form the bony pelvis.
Ilium
ischium
pubis
sacrum
coccyx
94
Describe the gender differences of the pelvis:
Bone thickness
Pubic arch
Thinner and smoother in females
| Pubic arch is higher in females
95
Bones of lower limb are ____ and _____ than those of upper limbs.
thicker
| stronger
96
Describe the 3 segments of the lower limb
Thigh - femur
Leg - tibia and fibula
Foot - 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges
97
What is the largest and strongest bone in the body?
femur
98
The femur articulates with hip proximally/distally and with the tibia and patella proximally/distally.
proximally
| distally
99
The head articulates with the acetabulum of the ___ bone to form the hip joint.
hip
100
Name the projection felt and seen in the front of the hollow on the side of the hip
greater trochanter
101
The distal end of the femur expands into the ____ condyle and _____ condyle,
medial
| lateral
102
The patella is a _____ bone formed within tendon of ______ _____
seasamoid
| quadriceps femoris
103
Describe the function of the patella
Increase leverage of the tendon
Maintain position of tendon when flexing the knee
Protect the knee joint
104
During normal flexion and extension of the knee, the patella ____ up and down in the groove between the two femoral ____ .
glides
| condyles
105
Which bone is larger the tibia/ fibula?
tibia - receives most of the weight
106
What membrane connects the tibia and fibula?
interosseus
107
Tibia articulates with _____ at ____ end to form the ____ joint .
femur
superior
knee
108
Tibia articulates with talus at the _____ end to form the _____ joint.
inferior
| ankle
109
What is the function of the fibula?
Stabilise the ankle joint
110
The ankle has 7 bones altogether, what are the two main bones called?
large talus - ankle bone
| Calcaneus - heel bone
111
List the functions of the foot
Support body weight
Acts as a lever to propel body forward
Segmentation makes foot adapted to uneven ground
112
The bones of the foot are arranged to form 3 strong arches, what are they ?
2 longitudinal
| 1 transverse
