Skeletal system - Joints

Question 1

What are joints (articulations)?

Answer 1

Sites where two or more bones meet

Question 2

What are the 2 functions of joints?

Answer 2

• Provide for skeletal mobility

- Hold the skeleton together

Question 3

Weakest/strongest parts of the skeleton?

Answer 3

Weakest

Question 4

What is the functional classification of joints based on?

Answer 4

Focuses on the amount of movement

Question 5

Name the different functional classifications

Answer 5

• Synarthroses
• Amphiarthroses
• Diarthroses

Question 6

What is the structural classification based on?

Answer 6

Material binding them & presence/absence of joint cavity

Question 7

Name the structural classifications

Answer 7

• Fibrous
• Cartilagenous
• Synovial

Question 8

Name the fibrous joints

Answer 8

Suture, syndesmoses & gomphoses

Question 9

Name the cartilagenous joints

Answer 9

Synchondroses, symphyses

Question 10

Name the synovial joints

Answer 10

Gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball & socket

Question 11

What are sutures?

Answer 11

Dense fibrous connective tissue

Question 12

Describe syndesmoses

Answer 12

Band/cord of connective tissue

Question 13

What is gomphosis?

Answer 13

Peg-in-socket arrangement surrounded by fibrous tissue

Question 14

Where do sutures occur?

Answer 14

Between bones of skull

Question 15

What bind bones of the skull together tightly?

Answer 15

Rigid splices

Question 16

Syndesmoses are connected by bones/ligaments/joints & bands of fibrous/connective tissue

Answer 16

ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue

Question 17

Give an example of gomphoses

Answer 17

Tooth with its bony alveolar socket

- Ligament = periodontal

Question 18

What are cartilagenous joints?

Answer 18

Articulating bones united by cartilage

Question 19

What does hyaline cartilage do in synchondroses?

Answer 19

Unites the bones

Question 20

Are synchondroses movable/immovable?

Answer 20

immovable

Question 21

Give an example of synchondroses

Answer 21

Epiphyseal plates

Question 22

Are symphyses movable/immovable?

Answer 22

slightly movable

Question 23

Give examples of symphyses

Answer 23

Intervertebral discs

Question 24

Are synovial joints movable/immovable?

Answer 24

Freely movable

Question 25

Name the parts of a synovial joint

Answer 25

- Articular cartilage - Joint (synovial) cavity - Articular capsule - Synovial fluid - Reinforcing ligaments - Nerves - Blood vessels

Question 26

What does articular cartilage do?

Answer 26

- Spongy cushion absorbs compression | - Protects ends of bones from being crushed

Question 27

How many layers in the articular capsule?

Answer 27

Two - outer & inner

Question 28

What is the difference between outer & inner?

Answer 28

Outer - Fibrous capsule of dense irregular connective tissue Inner - Synovial membrane of loose connective tissue

Question 29

What does synovial fluid do?

Answer 29

Nourishes cartilage & functions as a slippery lubricant

Question 30

What does synovial fluid contain?

Answer 30

Special glycoproteins

Question 31

Name the 3 types of reinforcing ligaments

Answer 31

Capsular - part of fibrous capsule Extracapsular - outside capsule Intracapsular - deep to capsule

Question 32

What do nerves do?

Answer 32

- Detect pain | - Monitor stretch

Question 33

What do blood vessels do?

Answer 33

- Rich blood supply | - Extensive capillary beds produce blood filtrate

Question 34

What joint allows 2 kinds of movement?

Answer 34

Jaw

Question 35

What is a TMJ (temporomandibular joint)?

Answer 35

Knee

Question 36

What do bursae and tendon sheaths act as?

Answer 36

Ball bearings

Question 37

What are bursa?

Answer 37

Ligaments, muscles & bones overlie each other and rub together

Question 38

Where can a tendon sheath be found?

Answer 38

Only on tendons subject to friction

Question 39

What factors influence joint stability?

Answer 39

- Articular surfaces - Ligaments - Muscle tone

Question 40

What movements do synovial joints do?

Answer 40

- Gliding - Angular movements - Rotation - Special movements

Question 41

What is gliding?

Answer 41

Flat bone surface glides over another similar surface, e.g. intercarpal joints

Question 42

What are angular movements?

Answer 42

Movements that occur along the sagittal plane

Question 43

What is flexion?

Answer 43

Decreases the angle of the joint

Question 44

What is extension?

Answer 44

Increases the angle of the joint

Question 45

What is hyperextension?

Answer 45

Excessive extension beyond normal range of motion

Question 46

What is abduction?

Answer 46

Movement away from midline

Question 47

What is adduction?

Answer 47

Movement toward the midline

Question 48

What is circumduction?

Answer 48

Flexion, abduction, extension & adduction of a limb

Question 49

What is rotation?

Answer 49

Turning of a bone around its own longitudinal axis e.g. humerus & femur

Question 50

What is supination?

Answer 50

Turning hand backward

Question 51

What is pronation?

Answer 51

Turning hand forward

Question 52

What is dorsiflexion?

Answer 52

Upward movement

Question 53

What is plantar flexion?

Answer 53

Downward movement

Question 54

What is inversion?

Answer 54

Turn sole medially

Question 55

What is eversion?

Answer 55

Turn sole laterally

Question 56

What is protraction?

Answer 56

Anterior movement

Question 57

What is retraction?

Answer 57

Posterior movement

Question 58

What is elevation?

Answer 58

Lifting body part superiorly

Question 59

What is depression?

Answer 59

Moving body part inferiorly

Question 60

What is opposition of the thumb?

Answer 60

Movement in saddle joint so thumb touches tips of other fingers

Question 61

What is a plane joint?

Answer 61

Allow only short gliding movements, no rotation e.g. intercarpals

Question 62

What are hinge joints?

Answer 62

A cyclindrical shaped projection of bone fits into a trough shaped surface of another bone e.g elbow

Question 63

What are pivot joints?

Answer 63

Rounded end of a bone into a ring of bone and ligaments on another e.g. radius & ulna

Question 64

What are condyloid joints?

Answer 64

Oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary concavity of another e.g. MCP joints (fingers)

Question 65

What are saddle joints?

Answer 65

Condyloid joints but greater freedom of movement e.g. thumbs

Question 66

What are ball & socket joints?

Answer 66

Spherical head of one bone articulates with cuplike socket of another, most freely moving joints e.g. shoulder

Question 67

The more moveable a joint, the more/less stable it is.

Answer 67

less