respiratory system

Question 1

function of the nasal cavity

Answer 1

air is cleaned, warmed and moistened to prevent drying/damaging of the lung and to trap pathogens

includes pharynx (throat) and the epiglottis (elastic cartilage diverting food away from airways)

Question 2

what is ciliated epithelium and where is it found

Answer 2

epithelial tissue cells with cilia on top

mucus is secreted and traps the debris, the cilia pushes the mucus/debris upwards in a wave like motion to the pharynx to be swallowed and digested

it lines the nasal cavity and upper airways

Question 3

function of the larynx

Answer 3

the voice box

joins the pharynx and trachea

box like structure made of cartilage containing voice chords

Question 4

what are vocal chords

Answer 4

mucous membranes that are able to create noise as they vibrate when air passes over them

Question 5

function of trachea

Answer 5

the windpipe

a pipe structure consisting of many c shaped cartilage rings, holding the structure open. carries air into and out of the lungs

lined with cilia

the base splits into two branches (one per lung)

Question 6

function of bronchi

Answer 6

the branches of the trachea.

the primary bronchi are directly of the trachea. they split further into secondary and tertiary.

also c shaped cartilage, as the bronchi splits further the cartilage spreads and smooth muscle and elastins are most of the structure.

contains cilia

Question 7

function of bronchioles

Answer 7

smaller airways that have divided from the tertiary bronchi. they continue to divide eventually forming terminal bronchioles

made of smooth muscle and elastins, contain cilia

Question 8

function of alveoli

Answer 8

clusters of airs sacs found at the end of the tertiary bronchioles. they are one cell thick and surrounded by capillaries.

gas exchange occurs here

functional unit of the lngs

Question 9

why are bronchioles and alveoli made of smooth muscle and elastins

Answer 9

allows them to control airflow as they can expand/contract

Question 10

function of lung

Answer 10

there are 2 lungs that occupy all of chest cavity apart from the mediastinum. each lung is divided into lobes (left= 2, right=3)

Question 11

what is the mediastinum.

Answer 11

the space taken by the heart + blood vessels

Question 12

what is the pleura
state 2 types

Answer 12

visceral pleura covers the lung surface

parietal pleura lines the inside of the chest

Question 13

function of the pleural fluid

Answer 13

thin layer of fluid between the visceral and parietal pleura’s.

allows the membranes to slide along each other while breathing.

Question 14

function of diaphragm

Answer 14

muscle separating the chest from the abdomen.

as you breath in/out it flattens/domes to change the volume of the chest cavity

Question 15

function of ribs

Answer 15

the protective cage and framework of the lungs

whilst breathing in they move upwards/outwards to increase volume of the chest cavity

Question 16

function of intercostal muscles

Answer 16

sit between ribs

whilst breathing in they move upwards/outwards to increase volume of the chest cavity

Question 17

increase of volume of the lung cavity…

Answer 17

decreased air pressure

sucking air in

Question 18

decreased volume of the lung cavity…

Answer 18

increased air pressure

air forced out

Question 19

what is ventilation

Answer 19

breathing

process of moving air into and out of the lungs

Question 20

what is the purpose of ventilation

Answer 20

gas exchange

Question 21

what is inspiration

Answer 21

inhalation

taking air into the lungs

Question 22

what is thoracic pressure

Answer 22

pressure of the chest cavity

Question 23

what is the process of inhalation

Answer 23

intercostal muscles contract moving the ribcage up and outwards

the diaphragm contracts and flattens

thoracic volume increases so pressure in lungs is lower than air pressure

air moves in

Question 24

what is the process of exhalation

Answer 24

intercostal muscles contract moving the ribcage down and inwards

the diaphragm relaxes and domes up

thoracic volume decreases so pressure in lungs is higher than air pressure

air moves out

Question 25

what is expiration

Answer 25

exhalation taking air out of lungs

Question 26

gas exchange

Answer 26

oxygen enters the blood stream from alveolus carbon dioxide exists the blood stream and enters the alveolus

Question 27

net diffusion of oxygen

Answer 27

high concentration of oxygen in alveoli and low concentration in deoxygenated blood oxygen dissolves into the moisture of alveoli and diffuses through the semi permeable membranes of the alveoli and then the blood stream (along the concentration gradient)

Question 28

net diffusion of carbon dioxide

Answer 28

high concentration of carbon dioxide in blood stream and low concentration in alveolus carbon dioxide diffuses through the semi permeable membranes of the capillary and then the alveolus (along the concentration gradient)

Question 29

state 5 ways the lungs are well suited to gas exchange

Answer 29

1. large number of alveoli (large surface area) 2. supplied with blood vessels 3. one cell thick (capillary/alveoli)- efficient 4. deep/moist so gases can dissolve/prevent evaporation 5. constant air movement keeps the concentration gradient constant

Question 30

why are lungs deep and moist

Answer 30

gases need to dissolve to diffuse through the cell membrane

Question 31

how does asthma effect the respiratory system

Answer 31

reduces airflow to the alveoli the lungs become inflamed and narrow causing muscle tightness around the airways. the lining swells which produces excess mucus making breathing difficult (wheeze, shortness of breath tightness)

Question 32

how does emphysema effect the respiratory system

Answer 32

damage to the alveoli as they loose their elasticity due to smoking. this loss of elasticity causes reduced lung capacity and reduced surface area for gas exchange.