respiratory system

Question 1

upper respiratory system consists of what

Answer 1

• nose
• pharynx
• oropharynx

Question 2

lower respiratory system has what

Answer 2

• larynx
• trachea
• bronchi
• lungs

Question 3

first sign of respiratory development is where

Answer 3

reparatory diverticulum

Question 4

distal end of the respiratory diverticulum firms what

Answer 4

the lung bud

Question 5

the respiratory diverticulum eventually divides into..

Answer 5

tracheoesophageal folds

Question 6

tracheoesophageal folds fuse in the midline to do what

Answer 6

form the tracheoesophageal septum

Question 7

the forgut divides into a ventral and a dosal section what are they

Answer 7

trachea-venterally

esophagus- dorsally

Question 8

the opening of the respiratory diverticulum into the foregut becomes

Answer 8

the laryngeal orifice

Question 9

where do laryngeal muscles derive from where

Answer 9

endoderm

Question 10

where do the laryngeal muscle derive from

Answer 10

somitomeric mesoderm of pharyngeal arches 4 and 6

Question 11

laryngeal muscles are innervated by which nerve

Answer 11

CN X vagus

Question 12

what are the four laryngeal cartilages

Answer 12

• thyroid
• cricoid
• artyenoid
• corniculate
• cuneiform

Question 13

the laryngeal cartilages originate from were

Answer 13

mesoderm of the 4 and 6th pharyngeal arches

Question 14

what is laryngeal atresia?

Answer 14

this is when the larynx fails to go through recanalization causing there to be an obstruction of the upper fetal airway

Question 15

CHAOS

Answer 15

congenital high airway obstruction syndrome

Question 16

what happens to the airway under the stenosis in laryngeal atreasia

Answer 16

it becomes enlarged and filled with fluid and there is fetal ascites ( accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity)

Question 17

hydrops

Answer 17

accumulation of fluid in intracellular spaces and causes severe edema

Question 18

endodermal lining of the layngeotracheal tube turns into what

Answer 18

the epithelium and glands of the trachea and pulmonary epithelium

Question 19

what makes the cartilage of the trachea and the connective tissue and the muscles of the trachea

Answer 19

the splanchic mesenchyme

Question 20

TEF- tracheoesophageal fistula

Answer 20

this is abnormal communication between trachea and esophagus

Question 21

what is the most common anomaly of the lower respiratory system

Answer 21

TEF

Question 22

what are some clinical features of TEF

Answer 22

• excessive accumulation of saliva and mucus in nose or mouth
• gagging and cyanosis after swallowing
• abdominal distension after crying
• reflux of gastric content to the lungs

Question 23

when do the two bronchial buds enlarge to form main bronchi

Answer 23

week 5

Question 24

main bronchi is divided into what

Answer 24

lobar bronchi

Question 25

you can see the primary bronchi when

Answer 25

week 5

Question 26

which main bronchus is larger

Answer 26

the right one

Question 27

foreign bodies usually eneter which bronchus

Answer 27

the right

Question 28

the visceral mesoderm that covers the bronchi develops into what

Answer 28

visceral pleura

Question 29

somatic mesoderm from the inside of the body wall develops into what

Answer 29

parietal pluera

Question 30

lobar bronchi (right and left) seperate into what

Answer 30

segmental bronchi

Question 31

what aerates specific portions of the lung

Answer 31

segmental bronchi

Question 32

Congenital Lobar Emphysema (CLE)

Answer 32

this is when there is overdistension of the pulmonary lobes with air. and deviates the mediastiunum

Question 33

what are the four stages of lung develppment

Answer 33

- pseudoglandular stage(6-16) - canalicular stage(16-26) - terminal sac stage(26-birth) - alveolar stage(32 weeks to 8 years old

Question 34

what is aeration at birth

Answer 34

when the replacement of lung liquid with air in babies lung occurs

Question 35

what is FRC filled with what in fetal stage,

Answer 35

liquid that is secreated by lung epithelium

Question 36

hyaline membrane disease is the same as

Answer 36

RDS

Question 37

what is hyaline membrane disease caused by

Answer 37

a deficency in surfactant

Question 38

what coats the inside of the alveoli to maintain alveolar patency

Answer 38

surfactant

Question 39

RDS is prevalent in who

Answer 39

premature infants moms with diabetes hypoxic fetus multiple births

Question 40

what is the site of proliferation neuronal and glial precursors in the brain

Answer 40

germinal matrix hemorrhage

Question 41

what are some clinical signs of RDS

Answer 41

- dyspnea - tachypnea - inspiratory retraction of chest - cyanosis