Respiratory System Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
What 2 types of macrophages in alveoli?
A
- Tissue macrophage of septum
2. Pulmonary alveolar macrophage (PAM)
2
Q
Where are tissue macrophages of the septum located?
A
Interstitium
3
Q
Where are pulmonary alveolar macrophages located?
A
Alveolar lumen or surface
4
Q
Why is there a large amount of elastic fiber in the alveoli?
A
Must be very flexible
5
Q
3 components of blood-air barrier
A
- Endothelial cell (lines capillary)
- Basement membrane
- Alveolar type I pneumocyte (lines alveolus)
6
Q
Basement membrane of blood-air barrier
A
May be fused from the epithelium of both the capillary and alveolus
OR
May be separated by CT
7
Q
2 types of blood supply to alveoli
A
- Systemic vessels
2. Pulmonary vessels
8
Q
Lungs receive nutritional supply from?
A
Bronchoesophageal a.
9
Q
Lungs receive functional supply from?
A
Pulmonary a.
10
Q
How do pulmonary vessels reach alveoli?
A
Follow airways → divide into capillary bed surrounding alveoli
11
Q
How are avian lungs different than mammals?
A
- Smaller
- Do not change size with inspiration/expiration
- No diaphragm
12
Q
Avian air passageway system
A
- Bronchi (primary and secondary)
- Parabronchi (tertiary bronchi)
- Atria (similar to terminal bronchiole)
- Air capillaries (similar to alveolar sac)
13
Q
Function of avian air sacs
A
Move air in and out of lungs → have undirectional air flow
14
Q
How many air sacs are connected to bronchi and parabronchi?
A
About 8
15
Q
3 reasons avian respiratory system has more efficient gas exchange
A
- Thin walls
- Smaller alveoli
- Rich capillary system
16
Q
What is unique about olfactory cells?
A
Bipolar neuronal cells
17
Q
Airway progression
A
Bronchus → bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveolar sacs → alveoli
18
Q
3 types of bronchus
A
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
19
Q
Which type of airway has cartilage?
A
Bronchus
20
Q
4 types of bronchioles
A
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary (terminal)
- Respiratory
21
Q
4 layers in upper airway
A
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Adventitia
- Serosa
22
Q
3 layers of mucosa
A
- Epithelium
- Lamina propria
- Muscularis mucosa (+/-)
23
Q
What is the CT component of the lining of a mucosal organ?
A
Lamina propria
24
Q
What is muscularis mucosa?
A
Thin layer of smooth m.
25
What is submucosa?
CT layer deep to mucosa
26
What is adventitia composed of?
CT
27
What is serosa?
Membrane lining body cavities and various organs
28
Serous membranes secrete?
Serous fluid
29
What is the serosal layer of the lung?
Visceral pleura
30
What is nasal vestibule?
Mucocutaneous junction (transition from skin of nose to mucosa of nasal cavity)
31
2 regions of nasal cavity
1. Respiratory
| 2. Olfactory
32
Respiratory epithelium is what type?
Psuedostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells
33
Where is respiratory epithelium found?
Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses → extends into airway divisions
34
Lamina propria in respiratory mucosa
Highly vascular - functions in heat exchange
35
What types of glands found in lamina propria?
Serous and mucus glands
36
Olfactory mucosa is found where?
Patches in nasal cavity
37
Epithelium of olfactory mucosa
Thicker pseudostratified columnar, has Bowman's glands instead of goblet cells
38
5 types of cells in olfactory mucosa
1. Sustenacular cells
2. Nuceli with cilia
2. Basal cells
3. Olfactory cells
4. Neurons
39
Sustenacular cells
Most superficial of olfactory epithelium
40
Basal cells
Germinal cell layer at base of olfactory epithelium
41
Olfactory cels
Intraepithelial bipolar
42
Axons of neurons of nasal cavity become?
Cranial nerve I
43
Bowman's glands are?
Serous olfactory glands
44
Function of Bowman's gland secretions
Dissolve inhaled substance for detection by olfactory cells
45
What is vomeronasal organ?
Tubular gland in nasal cavity (located on either side of nasal septum) with both olfactory and respiratory epithelium
46
Vomeronasal organ functions in olfaction
Related to pheromones (ex: flehmen reaction in cats and horses)
47
Nasopharynx location
Part of pharynx located dorsal to soft palate
48
What is nasopharynx?
Large mass of lymphoid tissue associated for defense mechanism
49
What is larynx?
Complex cartilagenous structure lined by respiratory epithelium (and some stratified squamous epithelium)
50
Vocal fold is contained by?
Larynx
51
Stroma of lung
Mainly elastin, some collagen
52
Lung parenchyma is divided into?
Lobes and lobules
53
Major parenchyma of lung
Alveoli
54
Alveoli are contained in?
1. Respiratory bronchioles
2. Alveolar ducts
3. Alveolar sacs
55
Visceral pleura of long consists of?
1. Epithelium (mesothelium)
| 2. Some CT (collagens)
56
Layers of tubular airways (trachea and bronchi)
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Cartilage
4. Adventitia
57
Trachealis m.
M. in trachea, not continuous around airway
58
Where is muscularis mucosa in the lung?
Bronchi → alveolar duct
59
Layers of bronchiole
Mucosa with thickened muscularis mucosae (submucosa is extremely thin)
60
Trachea bifurcates into?
Primary bronchi (supply each lung)
61
Rings of trachea are made of?
Hyaline cartilage
62
Rings of trachea open on what side?
Dorsally
63
How are ends of rings of trachea connected?
By trachealis m. (smooth m.)
64
Tracheal mucosa consists of?
Respiratory epithelium + lamina propria
65
Surface of trachea is covered by?
Mucus layer
66
Lamina propria of trachea contains?
Elastic fibers parallel to long axis of trachea
67
Elastic fibers of tracheal lamina propria stain?
Acidophilically
68
4 cell types in respiratory epithelium
1. Ciliated columnar cell
2. Basal (germinal) cell
3. Goblet cell
4. DNES
69
What regulates tracheal air flow?
DNES
70
DNES secretes?
1. Polypeptides (calcitonin, bombsin, CCK)
| 2. Biologically active amines (serotonin)
71
How does DNES regulate tracheal air flow?
Secretes molecules into local blood vessels as local hormones
72
Type of submucosal glands in trachea
Seromucous (secrete mucin and defense peptides)
73
How is respiratory epithelium different in the bronchi?
1. Cells shorter than in trachea
| 2. Fewer goblet cells
74
In bronchi, cartilage rings are replaced by?
Plates or plaques
75
Progressive changes in successive divisions of bronchi
1. Mucosa and submucosa become thinner
2. Cartilage plates become smaller
3. Muscle layer becomes more prominent
76
Which is smaller, bronchi or bronchioles?
Bronchioles
77
Bronchiole diameter
78
How are bronchioles different from bronchi?
1. No cartilage
2. Simple epithelium (gets shorter as bronchioles get smaller)
3. No goblet cells
4. Smooth m. in submucosa
79
Changes which occur with each division of bronchioles
1. Diameter decreases
2. Airway wall becomes thinner
3. Less glands and cilia
80
3 cell types in bronchioles
1. Ciliated epithelial cells
2. Club cells (non-ciliated)
3. Neuroendocrine cells
81
Bronchiolar cells aka?
Non-ciliated Club cells
82
Mucosa of primary and secondary bronchioles
Ciliated simple columnar
Highly foldered mucosa
83
Mucosa of tertiary bronchiole
Partially ciliated simple columnar or cuboidal
Thinner lamina propria
1 layer of spiral smooth m.
84
Terminal bronchiole aka?
Tertiary bronchiole
85
Clara cells aka?
Club cells
86
Clara cell functions
1. Produce surfactant
2. Contain P450 enzymes to detoxify substances
3. Act as stem cells
87
At what level does gaseous exchange begin?
Respiratory bronchiole
88
Difference in appearance between respiratory and tertiary bronchioles?
Respiratory bronchioles have alveoli openings
89
What is alveolar duct composed of?
Numerous adjacent alveoli
90
Alveoli epithelium
Simple squamous
91
Smooth muscle knobs are found at?
Tips of interalveolar septae (entrances to alveoli)
92
What is the main site of gaseous exchange?
Alveoli
93
Alveolar wall is filled with?
Capillaries
94
2 types of alveolar epithelial cells
1. Type I pneumocyte
| 2. Type II pneumocyte
95
Type II pneumocyte
1. Produces surfactant
2. Contains lamellar bodies
3. Stem cell
96
What are lamelar bodies?
Surfactant containing vesicles
97
Surfactant is?
Phospholipid
