Respiratory System Disorders

Question 1

Define hemothorax

Answer 1

blood within the pleural cavity

Question 2

Define chylothorax

Answer 2

lymph within the pleural cavity

Question 3

Define empyema

Answer 3

pus/ purulent exudate in pleural cavity

Question 4

Define pleural effusion

Answer 4

clear fluid mostly from pleuritis in pleural cavity

Question 5

Define atelectasis

Answer 5

lung collapse, mostly as a result of pneumothorax

Question 6

Define pleuritic pain (pleurisy)

Answer 6

chest and/or upper/middle back pain, aggravated by coughing and inspiration

Question 7

Define thoracentesis

Answer 7

procedure for removal of any fluid from the pleural acvity

Question 8

Define thoracostomy

Answer 8

(needle or tube) procedure for removal of air from the pleural cavity

Question 9

Define bronchiectasis

Answer 9

permanent dilation of the bronchus with obstruction by an infection material (exudate) due to chronic bacterial and viral infections as a result of chronic respiratory obstruction (COPD, cystic fibrosis, cancer, immunodeficiency, sometimes congenital causes)

Question 10

Cough without sputum can be caused by ______

Answer 10

GERD, asthma

Question 11

Productive cough be caused by what in smokers? non smokers?

Answer 11

non-smokers: asthma, post-nasal drip syndrome,

smokers: chronic bronchitis

Question 12

Chronic bronchitis is most often caused by ______

Answer 12

smoking

Question 13

What does color of sputum indicate? (i.e. clear, yellow, green)

Answer 13

colorless/ clear - virus
yellow - bacteria
green - bacteria (pseudomonias aerugenosae)

Question 14

Wheezing is ________ and can be caused by __________

Answer 14

high pitch sound from collapsed bronchioles

asthma, heart failure, GERD, COPD, allergy, pneumonia, bronchitis

Question 15

List the signs and symptoms of respiratory disorders

Answer 15

SOB
dyspnea
cough (with or w/sputum, blood)
chest pain
noisy breathing
somnolence (due to hypoxia)
loss of appetite
weight loss
cynosis (blue lips, tongue, fingers suggesting hypoxia)
signs of right CHF aka Cor Pulmonales
finger clubbing

Question 16

Define pneumothorax

Answer 16

air within the pleural cavity

Question 17

Spirometry is aka _________ and is defined as _________. A normal reading is __________ however a reading of >=80% can indicate ____________

Answer 17

PFT - Pulmonary Function Test

ratio of Forced Expiratory Volume per 1 second and Forced Vital Capacity of the lung: FEV1/FVC

> = 75-80%

restrictive pulmonary disease

Question 18

What are the criteria for a diagnosis of chronic bronchitis?

Answer 18

coughing for 3 months within 2 consecutive years with expectorations

Question 19

What part(s) of the respiratory system comprises the “anatomical dead space”? What is its significance?

Answer 19

mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

no gas exchange occurs within these areas

Question 20

Define dyspnea

Answer 20

difficulty in breathing, often described as shortness of breath or breathlessness

Question 21

Define hemopthysis

Answer 21

coughing up blood

Question 22

Dyspnea is observed in at least three major cardiopulmonary disease states. List them.

Answer 22

• Primary lung diseases, e.g. pneumonia, asthma, emphysema
• heart disease characterized by pulmonary congestion, e.g. right congestive heart failure
• neuromuscular disorders, e.g myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy

Question 23

Obstructive lung diseases are diseases of the lung where ___________.
Restrictive lung diseases are characterized by _____________.

Answer 23

• the bronchial tubes become narrowed making it hard to move air in and out of the lung
• loss of lung compliance, causing incomplete lung expansion and increased lung stiffness (decreased surfactant)

Question 24

Describe a tension pneumothorax

Answer 24

air in the pleural cavity cannot escape so the pneumothorax keeps getting bigger until it compresses the heart and blood vessels, leading to a life threatening situation

Question 25

Pulmonary embolism is _________. The most common source of pulmonary embolism is _________

Answer 25

- a blood clot that lodges in the lungs | - DVT, deep vein thrombosis

Question 26

Sleep apnea is ________. Describe the types of sleep apnea and their etiologies.

Answer 26

-a disorder of breathing mechanics where regular breathing is disrupted during sleep - obstructive sleep apnea - physical obstruction of airways - central sleep apnea - dysfunction of brain stem breathing and rhythmicity centers

Question 27

Asthma is _________

Answer 27

an inflammation of the lungs in which the airways are reversibly narrowed

Question 28

Asthma is chronic but reversible (T/F)

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Asthma can be classified as either allergic aka _________ which is a type ____ hypersensitivity, or __________ which is caused by ____________

Answer 29

- atopic, extrinsic - I - intrinsic - an imbalance between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system

Question 30

COPD stands for __________ and refers to _______ and ________

Answer 30

-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - chronic bronchitis - emphysema

Question 31

COPD is caused by __________ which trigger __________

Answer 31

- noxious particles or gas, most commonly from smoking | - an abnormal inflammatory response in the lung

Question 32

Central cyanosis is _______ | Peripheral cyanosis is _________

Answer 32

- blue mouth and lips | - blue extremities

Question 33

In chronic bronchitis the airways of the lung are narrowed via ___________

Answer 33

- metaplasia and fibrosis of airway walls | - hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells and mucus glands causing more mucus

Question 34

In emphysema the surface area available for gas exchange is reduced by ____________

Answer 34

inflammation of alveoli leading to destruction of alveoli walls

Question 35

Cor pulmonale is _________

Answer 35

abnormal enlargement of the right side of the heart as a result of disease of the lungs or the pulmonary blood vessels.

Question 36

Tuberculosis is __________

Answer 36

an infectious disease that creates granulomas in the lungs but can also affect the CNS, lymphatic system, circulatory system, genitourinary system, GI system, bones, joints and the skin

Question 37

Pneumonia is _______

Answer 37

inflammation of lung alveoli and abnormal filling of fluid in alveoli

Question 38

The most common cause of pneumonia is ________ but can also be caused by _________

Answer 38

- streptococcus pneumoniae | - other bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, chemical or physical injury to lungs

Question 39

What is lobar pneumonia? What is multilobar pnemonia? What is bronchial pneumonia? What is interstitial pneumonia?

Answer 39

- pneumonia that only involves a single lobe of the lung - pneumonia of more than one lobe - pneumonia affecting lungs in patches around bronchi or bronchioles - pneumonia in areas between alveoli, "walking pneumonia"

Question 40

What is cystic fibrosis?

Answer 40

An autosomal recessive disease in which functional chloride ion channels are missing from lung airways, GI tract, reproductive tract and skin, leading to thick mucus accumulations especially in lungs, and GI tract.

Question 41

Carbon monoxide is dangerous because _________

Answer 41

it binds to hemoglobin 300 times more strongly than oxygen, which can lead to hypoxia

Question 42

Signs and symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning include ________

Answer 42

headache, fatigue, drowsiness, confusion, dizziness, breathing problems, chest pain, dark cherry red lips, face, buccal mucosa

Question 43

CO and hemoglobin combine to form _______ | CO2 and hemoglobin combine to form _________

Answer 43

carboxyhemoglobin | carbaminohemoglobin

Question 44

What is COPD?

Answer 44

it is the co-occurrence of chronic bronchitis and emphysema where the airways become narrowed