Respiratory System (Exam One) Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
What components make up blood?
A
- Plasma
- Red Blood Cells
- White Blood Cells
- Platelets
2
Q
What is the normal blood pH?
A
7.35 - 7.45
3
Q
What is produced in the red bone marrow?
A
- Blood cells
- Platelets
4
Q
What is blood serum?
A
Plasma without the clotting proteins
5
Q
White blood cells contain what?
A
- Granulocytes
- Agranulocytes
6
Q
What is the normal range for white blood cells (WBC)?
A
5,000 - 10,000/mm^3
7
Q
What is the normal range for red blood cells (RBC)?
A
4.2 - 6.1 x 10^12/L
8
Q
What is the normal range for hemoglobin (Hgb)?
A
12.0 - 18.0 g/dL
9
Q
What is the normal range for Hematocrit (Hct)?
A
37% - 52%
10
Q
What is the normal range for platelets?
A
150,000 - 400,000/mm^3
11
Q
What is a hematological disorder?
A
Bleeding disorder
12
Q
List the three rashes associated with a hematological disorder?
A
- Petechiae
- Ecchymosis
- Purpura
13
Q
Is petechiae always associated with a hematological disorder?
A
No
14
Q
What are the primary functions of the lymphatic system?
A
- Maintains blood volumes
- Protects against pathogens
15
Q
What are lymph nodes?
A
Masses of lymphatic tissue
16
Q
Give an example of lymph nodules?
A
Tonsils
17
Q
What is the main site for platelet destruction?
A
Spleen
18
Q
How does aging affect the lymphatic and hematologic system?
A
- Less efficient immune response
- Iron deficiency
- Slowed erythrocyte production
- Reduced plasma volume
19
Q
Older adults are at an increased risk for what?
A
- Infection
- Anemia
- Dehydration
20
Q
Coffee ground emesis and black stool is indicative of what?
A
Bleeding
21
Q
List coagulation tests?
A
PT
PTT
INR
22
Q
What is the normal range for partial thromboplastin time (PTT)?
A
60 - 70 seconds
23
Q
What is the normal range for prothrombin time (PT)?
A
11 - 12.5 seconds
24
Q
What is the normal range for International Normalized Ratio (INR)?
A
0.8 - 1.1
25
The nurse knows the patient should be monitored for what following a bone marrow biopsy?
- Bleeding
| - Infection
26
What is a lymphangiography?
Injection of dye into the lymphatic system
27
It is important for the nurse to educate the patient on what regarding a lymphangiography?
It will turn the skin, urine, and feces blue for approximately two days
28
Why are packed red blood cells usually administered?
For anemia or blood loss
29
When are frozen red blood cells usually administered?
- Autotransfusion
| - Prevent febrile reaction
30
A patient will receive what if they have thrombocytopenia?
Platelets
31
Fresh frozen plasma provides what?
- Clotting factors
| - Volume replacement
32
Why are cryoprecipitates administered to patients?
Patient is missing specific clotting factors
33
What blood type is the universal blood donor?
O-
34
O blood types can only receive what type of blood?
O
35
What blood type is the universal recipient?
AB+
36
List the transfusion safety tips?
- Always follow the hospitals verification process
- Fluid compatibility
- Timing
- Filtering
- Washing
- Warming
37
How many people are needed for verification during a blood transfusion?
At least two
38
A transfusion patient can only receive what type of fluid?
Normal saline
39
Each unit of packed red blood cells must be transfused in what amount of time?
2 hours
40
Blood cannot be transfused longer than ___ _____.
4 hours
41
Why is filtering important during a blood transfusion?
Removes potential harmful particles
42
What is the function of washing during a blood transfusion?
- Removes plasma
| - Decreases the risk for febrile reaction
43
When is warming used in a blood transfusion?
- Used when blood must be given quickly
| - Prevents hypothermia
44
What is the most common transfusion complication?
Febrile reaction
45
The risk of a febrile reaction during a blood transfusion increases with what?
- Prolonged hanging time
| - Multiple transfusions
46
If a febrile reaction occurs, the nurse should do what?
- Stop the infusion
- Contact PCP
- Administer tylenol
47
What is seen in a urticarial reaction?
Hives
48
What medications should be ordered before the start of a blood transfusion?
- Tylenol
| - Benadryl
49
Which transfusion complication is the most deadly?
Hemolytic reaction
50
Why does a hemolytic reaction occur?
Due to blood incompatibility
51
The nurse knows she should not do what if the patient is experiencing an anaphylactic reaction?
Do not leave the patient
52
What is anemia?
- Deficiency of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or both
| - Reduced capacity to carry oxygen to tissues
53
What is the most common type of anemia?
Iron-deficiency anemia
54
What are the two main signs and symptoms of anemia?
- Pallor
| - Tachypnea
55
What is the most common nursing diagnoses for anemia?
Activity intolerance
56
Why does iron deficiency anemia occur more often in children who are given cow's milk?
Cow's milk depletes iron
57
What is the recommended daily intake of cows milk for children?
24 ounces or less
58
What are the signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?
- Brittle, concave nails
- Porcelain-like skin
- Pica cravings
59
How will red blood cells appear in iron deficiency anemia?
- Small
| - Pale
60
List iron rich foods.
- Green leafy vegetables
- Breakfast cereal
- Chicken
- Liver
61
What is aplastic anemia?
Bone marrow does not produce an adequate amount of red blood cells
62
What is sickle cell anemia?
- Inherited autosomal recessive disorder
| - Decrease in oxygen causes cells to alter into a sickle shape
63
Sickle cell anemia is assessed on what diagnostic test?
Newborn screening
64
What is highly significant during a sickle cell crisis?
- Pain
| - Fluids
65
Patients with sickle cell anemia should avoid what?
- Tight clothing
- Alcohol/Smoking
- Strenuous exercise
- Cold temperatures
- Crossing the legs
66
What is the most common therapeutic intervention for polycythemia?
Phlebotomy
67
What education should be provided to a patient with polycythemia?
- Drink 3L of water daily
- Avoid restrictive clothing
- Elevate feet
68
What is DIC? When is DIC commonly seen?
- Bleeding out
- Seen during trauma
- Seen during labor and delivery
69
What is an early sign of DIC?
- Petechiae
- Easy bruising
- Blood in urine
- Black tarry stools
70
What is ITP? What age group does it affect?
- Platelet destruction by immune system
| - Commonly seen in young children and older adults
71
What are the signs and symptoms of ITP?
- Petechiae
- Ecchymoses
- Bleeding
72
What is a therapeutic intervention or treatment for ITP?
Splenectomy
73
What are the causes of ITP?
- Acute viral illness
- Drug reaction
- Immune system dysfunction
74
What is hemophilia? How is this disease acquired?
- Group of bleeding disorders due to deficiency in clotting factors
- Hereditary
75
Which clotting factor has the most common deficiency?
Clotting factor A
76
If a carrier mother for hemophilia and a father without hemophilia have a child, what is the chance of their female and male offspring having the disease?
Female: 50%
Male: 100%
77
If a father with hemophilia and a mother who is not a carrier have a child, what is the chance of their female and male offspring having the disease?
Female: 50%
Male: 0%
78
List the signs and symptoms of hemophilia.
- Hemarthrosis
- Bleeding muscles
- Bleeding subcutaneous tissue
- Bleeding brain
79
What are the therapeutic interventions for hemophilia?
- Desmopressin
- Blood transfusions
- Pain medication
80
What should the nurse avoid in patients with hemophilia?
Injections
81
Children with ____ deficiency absorb ____ more readily.
- Iron
| - Lead
82
What is a normal blood lead level?
< 3.3
83
What is the nursing priority for a child with lead poisoning?
Caregiver education
84
What is leukemia?
- Increase in immature white blood cells
| - Unable to fight infection
85
Genetically, this individual is more likely to get leukemia?
Downsyndrome
86
What is the most common childhood cancer?
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
87
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) affect what age group?
Individuals over 60
88
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is characterized by which chromosome?
Philadelphia
89
Which level of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is fatal?
Level three or chronic
90
Leukemia may be associated with what?
Mild bleeding disorders
91
What is the main safety technique utilized with leukemia patients?
Reverse isolation
92
Hypercalcemia is associated with which disorder?
Multiple myeloma
93
What specific lab will be elevated with multiple myeloma?
CRP
94
What is Hodgkin's disease? Which cells are present?
- Cancer of the lymph system
| - Reed-Sternberg cells
95
What are the signs and symptoms of Hodgkin's disease?
- Painless swollen lymph node
- Fatigue
- Night sweats
96
Stridor may be present in what disease? Why?
- Hodgkin's disease
| - Because swollen lymph nodes are occluding the airway
97
How is Hodgkin's disease diagnosed?
Biopsy
98
Is Hodgkin's or Non-Hodgkin's disease more common? Which disease is more deadly?
Non-Hodgkins
99
What is the most common complication of a splenectomy?
Infection
100
Patients with blood disorders are all at risk for what?
Bleeding
101
Patients who have this disorder are most at risk for fractures?
Multiple myeloma
102
What is the priority nursing concern with leukemia?
- Temperature
| - Blood in the stool
103
What disease does not have Reed-Sternberg cells?
Non-Hodgkin's
104
What is a common nursing diagnosis for Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma?
Ineffective coping
105
Describe the stages of Hodgkin's disease?
Stage One: One on one side
Stage Two: Multiple on one side
Stage Three: Bilaterally
Stage Four: All over
106
What are the functions of blood?
- Transport substances
- Regulation of temperature
- Regulation of pH
- Regulation of fluid balance
- Transport of protein cells
107
What are the two groups of lymphocytes?
- B cells
| - T cells
108
Iron is better absorbed when taken with what vitamin? List dietary sources of this vitamin.
- Vitamin C
- Orange juice
- Oranges
109
A patient with pernicious anemia will lack what vitamins?
- B12
| - Folic acid
110
What labs are assess for anemia?
- Hemoglobin
| - Hematocrit
111
If red blood cells are affected, what will this cause?
Poor oxygenation
112
If white blood cells are affected, what will this cause?
Inability to fight infection
113
If platelets are affected, what will this cause?
Bleeding disorders
114
What can cause a sickle cell crisis?
Any event that leads to decreased oxygenation
115
What is a common symptom of sickle cell crisis in the male population?
Priapism (prolonged, painful erection)
116
When is anemia routinely assessed in the child?
12 months
