RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (LEC) Flashcards
(205 cards)
1
Q
The two main divisions of the respiratory system.
A
Upper and Lower Respiratory System
2
Q
The specific part of the respiratory system where gas exchange occurs.
A
Alveoli
3
Q
The structure that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing.
A
Epiglottis
4
Q
The primary muscle responsible for inhalation.
A
Diaphragm
5
Q
The part of the respiratory system that serves as a passageway for both air and food.
A
Pharynx
6
Q
The part of the respiratory system that houses the vocal cords.
A
Larynx
7
Q
The specific type of epithelial cells in the alveoli that facilitate gas exchange.
A
Type I alveolar cells
8
Q
The thin structure that surrounds and protects the lungs, allowing smooth movement.
A
Pleura
9
Q
The law that states gas pressure and volume are inversely proportional, which is essential for breathing mechanics.
A
Boyle’s Law
10
Q
The air-conducting passageway that extends from the larynx and splits into bronchi.
A
Trachea
11
Q
The smaller branches of bronchi that lack cartilage and lead to alveoli.
A
Bronchioles
12
Q
The name of the cartilage known as the “Adam’s apple”.
A
Thyroid cartilage
13
Q
The structure that divides the nasal cavity into left and right sections.
A
Nasal septum
14
Q
The opening between the vocal cords that helps produce sound.
A
Glottis
15
Q
The type of pleura that directly covers the lung surface.
A
Visceral pleura
16
Q
The process by which oxygen binds to hemoglobin for transport in the blood.
A
Oxygenation
17
Q
The condition caused by low oxygen levels in the blood.
A
Hypoxia
18
Q
The part of the respiratory system that equalizes air pressure between the pharynx and middle ear.
A
Eustachian tube (Auditory tube)
19
Q
The nerve that controls the diaphragm, essential for breathing.
A
Phrenic nerve
20
Q
The structure in the lungs that helps remove debris and pathogens by macrophages.
A
Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
21
Q
Two parts of the respiratory system
A
- Upper respiratory system
- Lower respiratory system
22
Q
Three functions of the respiratory system
A
- Gas exchange
- Passageway for air purification and humidification
- Shares responsibility with cardiovascular system
23
Q
Three parts of the pharynx
A
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
24
Q
Three unpaired cartilages of the larynx
A
- Thyroid cartilage
- Cricoid cartilage
- Epiglottis
25
Three paired cartilages of the larynx
- Arytenoid
- Corniculate
- Cuneiform
26
Four structures in the conducting zone
- Nose
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
27
Three structures in the respiratory zone
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveoli
28
Four major paranasal sinuses
- Frontal
- Sphenoid
- Ethmoid
- Maxillary
29
Five parts of the bronchial tree in order from largest to smallest
- Primary bronchi
- Secondary bronchi
- Tertiary bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
30
Three types of cells found in the alveoli
- Type I alveolar cells
- Type II alveolar cells
- Alveolar dust cells
31
Three steps of respiration
- Pulmonary ventilation
- External respiration
- Internal respiration
32
Three lung volumes measured in spirometry
- Tidal volume
- Inspiratory reserve volume
- Expiratory reserve volume
33
Four factors affecting oxygen-hemoglobin binding
- Acidity (Bohr effect)
- Partial pressure of CO₂
- Temperature
- 2,3-BPG levels
34
Three ways carbon dioxide is transported in the blood
- Dissolved in plasma (7%)
- Carbaminohemoglobin (23%)
- Bicarbonate ions (70%)
35
Four factors that influence the rate of pulmonary gas exchange
- Partial pressures of gases
- Surface area available for diffusion
- Diffusion distance
- Molecular weight and solubility of gases
36
Three factors affecting lung compliance
- Elasticity of lung tissues
- Surface tension in alveoli
- Mobility of the thoracic cage
37
Three conditions that can cause hypoxia
- Lung diseases (COPD, pneumonia)
- High altitude
- Anemia
38
Three accessory muscles used in forced inhalation
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Scalene muscles
- Pectoralis minor
39
Two primary muscles involved in quiet breathing
- Diaphragm
- External intercostals
40
Five steps of pulmonary ventilation from inhalation to exhalation
1. Contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals
2. Expansion of thoracic cavity
3. Air moves into the lungs
4. Relaxation of respiratory muscles
5. Air is pushed out of the lungs
41
The gas law that explains how individual gases exert pressure in a mixture.
Dalton's Law
42
The gas law that describes how gases dissolve in liquids based on partial pressure and solubility.
Henry’s Law
43
The process by which oxygen is transported in the blood.
Bound to hemoglobin (98.5%), Dissolved in plasma (1.5%)
44
The process by which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.
Dissolved in plasma (7%), Carbaminohemoglobin (23%), Bicarbonate ions (70%)
45
The term for low oxygen levels in the blood.
Hypoxia
46
The condition where carbon dioxide levels in the blood are abnormally high.
Hypercapnia
47
The part of the brain that controls the basic rhythm of breathing.
Medulla oblongata
48
The nerve that sends signals to the diaphragm to contract for breathing.
Phrenic nerve
49
The nerve that controls the external intercostal muscles for inhalation.
Intercostal nerves
50
The term for air remaining in the lungs after forceful exhalation.
Residual volume
51
The term for the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after normal inhalation.
Inspiratory reserve volume
52
The total amount of air exchanged in one normal breath cycle.
Tidal volume
53
The term for the total amount of air the lungs can hold, including residual volume.
Total lung capacity
54
The term for air that remains in the conducting airways and does not participate in gas exchange.
Anatomic (respiratory) dead space
55
The process by which oxygen moves from alveoli into capillary blood.
Diffusion
56
The relationship between pH and hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen, where increased acidity enhances oxygen unloading.
Bohr effect
57
The effect where carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin, reducing its oxygen-carrying ability.
Haldane effect
58
The structure where oxygen-rich blood exits the lungs and enters circulation.
Pulmonary veins
59
The term for inflammation of the pleura, causing painful breathing.
Pleuritis (Pleurisy)
60
The name of the cartilage that forms a complete ring around the larynx.
Cricoid cartilage
61
The small paired cartilages of the larynx that are involved in vocal cord movement.
Arytenoid cartilages
62
The cartilages located at the tip of the arytenoid cartilages, helping with laryngeal function.
Corniculate cartilages
63
The cartilages embedded in the mucous membrane of the larynx, providing support.
Cuneiform cartilages
64
The term for the flap-like structure that moves downward to cover the glottis during swallowing.
Epiglottis
65
The name of the thin, dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
Diaphragm
66
The part of the respiratory system responsible for warming, filtering, and humidifying incoming air.
Nasal cavity
67
The three bony projections inside the nasal cavity that increase surface area for air filtration.
Nasal conchae (superior, middle, inferior)
68
The passageways between the nasal conchae that help direct airflow.
Nasal meatuses
69
The term for air-filled cavities in the skull that help lighten the head and contribute to voice resonance.
Paranasal sinuses
70
The connective tissue and smooth muscle found in the bronchi that regulates airway diameter.
Bronchial smooth muscle
71
The section of the bronchial tree where bronchi divide into bronchioles.
Tertiary bronchi
72
The lung structure that contains multiple alveoli and connects to alveolar ducts.
Alveolar sac
73
The name of the final airway structure before reaching the alveolar sacs.
Alveolar duct
74
The term for inflammation of the alveoli, often due to infection.
Pneumonia
75
The medical term for collapsed lung tissue due to obstruction or lack of surfactant.
Atelectasis
76
The condition where air enters the pleural cavity, causing lung collapse.
Pneumothorax
77
The term for blood accumulation in the pleural cavity.
Hemothorax
78
The specific structure that allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse between alveoli and blood.
Respiratory membrane
79
The name of the capillaries that surround the alveoli, allowing gas exchange.
Pulmonary capillaries
80
The process of oxygen moving from the alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide moving into the alveoli.
Pulmonary gas exchange (External respiration)
81
The respiratory event where oxygen is delivered from blood to tissues.
Systemic gas exchange (Internal respiration)
82
The primary force that drives oxygen from alveoli into the blood.
Partial pressure gradient
83
The term for the pressure exerted by an individual gas in a mixture.
Partial pressure
84
The chemical responsible for reducing surface tension in alveoli, preventing collapse.
Surfactant
85
The respiratory volume that represents the amount of air that can still be inhaled after a normal inspiration.
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
86
The respiratory volume that represents the amount of air that can still be exhaled after a normal expiration.
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
87
The sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume.
Vital capacity (VC)
88
The lung volume that cannot be voluntarily expelled from the lungs.
Residual volume (RV)
89
The total amount of air the lungs can hold, including all lung volumes.
Total lung capacity (TLC)
90
The respiratory condition caused by a deficiency of surfactant in premature infants.
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS)
91
The type of hypoxia caused by inadequate oxygen delivery despite normal blood oxygen levels.
Stagnant hypoxia
92
The type of hypoxia caused by low oxygen levels at high altitudes.
Hypoxic hypoxia
93
The type of hypoxia caused by inability of cells to use oxygen despite normal oxygen delivery.
Histotoxic hypoxia (e.g., cyanide poisoning)
94
The type of hypoxia caused by a lack of functional hemoglobin, reducing oxygen transport.
Anemic hypoxia
95
The condition where oxygen levels in arterial blood are below normal.
Hypoxemia
96
The condition where carbon dioxide levels in the blood fall below normal due to hyperventilation.
Hypocapnia
97
The condition where carbon dioxide levels in the blood rise above normal due to inadequate ventilation.
Hypercapnia
98
The term for labored or difficult breathing.
Dyspnea
99
The term for rapid breathing at an abnormally high rate.
Tachypnea
100
The term for slow breathing at an abnormally low rate.
Bradypnea
101
The abnormal deep and rapid breathing often seen in diabetic ketoacidosis.
Kussmaul breathing
102
The breathing pattern with progressively deeper and sometimes faster breathing followed by apnea.
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
103
The reflex that prevents over-inflation of the lungs during deep inspiration.
Hering-Breuer reflex
104
The brainstem structure responsible for setting the basic rhythm of breathing.
Medullary respiratory center (Medulla oblongata)
105
The respiratory center in the pons that modifies the rhythm of breathing during speech, exercise, and sleep.
Pontine respiratory center (Pneumotaxic center)
106
The chemoreceptors that detect changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels in the blood.
Peripheral chemoreceptors (Carotid and Aortic bodies)
107
The chemoreceptors located in the medulla oblongata that monitor CO₂ and pH in cerebrospinal fluid.
Central chemoreceptors
108
The gas that primarily stimulates the respiratory drive under normal conditions.
Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
109
The effect that explains why deoxygenated hemoglobin has a higher affinity for carbon dioxide.
Haldane effect
110
The highly branched system of air-conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi.
Bronchial tree
111
The primary bronchi supply this structure.
Each lung
112
The secondary bronchi supply these structures.
Each lobe of the lung (3 in the right lung, 2 in the left lung)
113
The tertiary bronchi supply these structures.
Each bronchopulmonary segment (10 in the right lung, 8 in the left lung)
114
The smallest airways that lack cartilage and lead to the terminal bronchioles.
Bronchioles
115
The structures that split from terminal bronchioles and lead to alveolar ducts.
Respiratory bronchioles
116
The tube-like structures that connect respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs.
Alveolar ducts
117
The site of gas exchange in the lungs where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is released.
Alveoli
118
The thin structure that separates alveolar air from capillary blood and facilitates diffusion.
Respiratory membrane (Air-Blood Barrier)
119
The blood vessels that surround the alveoli and allow for gas exchange.
Pulmonary capillaries
120
The fluid secreted by Type II alveolar cells that reduces surface tension.
Surfactant
121
The cone-shaped organ located in the thoracic cavity that is responsible for respiration.
Lungs
122
The area where the lung connects to the mediastinum and allows structures to enter and exit.
Hilum of the lung
123
The collection of structures connecting the lung to the mediastinum, including bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves.
Root of the lung
124
The serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity.
Parietal pleura
125
The area between the two pleural membranes, filled with pleural fluid.
Pleural cavity
126
The specific region of the left lung that accommodates the heart.
Cardiac notch
127
The major fissure that separates the lobes of both lungs.
Oblique fissure
128
The secondary fissure found only in the right lung.
Horizontal fissure
129
The major blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart.
Pulmonary vein
130
The major blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs.
Pulmonary artery
131
The clusters of alveoli at the end of alveolar ducts.
Alveolar sacs
132
The event of respiration where air moves into and out of the lungs.
Pulmonary ventilation
133
The event of respiration where oxygen diffuses from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries.
External respiration
134
The event of respiration where oxygen moves from systemic capillaries into tissues.
Internal respiration
135
The process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported through the bloodstream.
Respiratory gas transport
136
The mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity to facilitate breathing.
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
137
The process by which external air is drawn into the lungs due to increased intrapulmonary volume.
Inspiration (Inhalation)
138
The process by which air is pushed out of the lungs as muscles relax and lung volume decreases.
Expiration (Exhalation)
139
The airway resistance structure that adjusts to airflow by dilating or constricting.
Bronchioles
140
The region where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli.
Respiratory membrane
141
The fluid that keeps alveolar surfaces moist and prevents lung collapse.
Surfactant
142
The condition where air enters the pleural cavity, causing lung collapse.
Pneumothorax
143
The thin muscle sheet that contracts to enlarge the thoracic cavity during inspiration.
Diaphragm
144
The passive process where the lungs return to their resting volume due to elastic recoil.
Expiration (Exhalation)
145
The muscles that assist in forced expiration by depressing the rib cage.
Internal intercostal muscles
146
The muscles that lift the rib cage during inspiration.
External intercostal muscles
147
The total number of bronchopulmonary segments in both lungs.
18 (10 in the right lung, 8 in the left lung)
148
The medical term for difficulty breathing.
Dyspnea
149
The condition where air enters the pleural space, causing lung collapse.
Pneumothorax
150
The respiratory condition caused by inflammation of the bronchi.
Bronchitis
151
The term for rapid breathing that reduces CO₂ levels in the blood.
Hyperventilation
152
The condition caused by high CO₂ levels in the blood, leading to respiratory acidosis.
Hypercapnia
153
The term for cessation of breathing.
Apnea
154
The part of the brainstem responsible for controlling involuntary breathing.
Medulla oblongata
155
The respiratory disorder characterized by spasms of the bronchi and airway narrowing.
Asthma
156
The condition where lung elasticity is reduced, making exhalation difficult.
Emphysema
157
The progressive disease that leads to obstructed airflow and difficulty breathing.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
158
The mechanism by which the respiratory system helps regulate blood pH.
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
159
The protein in red blood cells that binds and transports oxygen.
Hemoglobin
160
The term for oxygen-deficient blood, giving it a bluish appearance.
Cyanosis
161
The respiratory reflex that protects the airway from irritants by forcefully expelling air.
Cough reflex
162
The respiratory reflex that forces air through the nasal cavity to clear irritants.
Sneeze reflex
163
The lung function test used to measure lung volumes and capacities.
Spirometry
164
The term for maximum amount of air a person can expel after a deep breath.
Vital capacity
165
The condition where fluid accumulates in the pleural cavity, reducing lung expansion.
Pleural effusion
166
The gas that stimulates breathing when its levels are too high in the blood.
Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
167
The type of hypoxia caused by carbon monoxide binding to hemoglobin instead of oxygen.
Carbon monoxide poisoning
168
The mechanism by which oxygen moves from the alveoli into the blood.
Simple diffusion
169
The condition where inflammation of the pleura causes painful breathing.
Pleurisy (Pleuritis)
170
The blood pH condition that results from excess CO₂ accumulation.
Respiratory acidosis
171
The blood pH condition that results from excessive CO₂ loss due to hyperventilation.
Respiratory alkalosis
172
The term for abnormally low breathing rate, leading to CO₂ buildup.
Hypoventilation
173
The term for a temporary cessation of breathing during sleep.
Sleep apnea
174
The term for the presence of fluid in the alveoli, often due to infection or injury.
Pulmonary edema
175
The structure that prevents alveoli from collapsing by reducing surface tension.
Surfactant
176
The term for inflammation of the alveoli, typically caused by infection.
Pneumonia
177
The term for abnormally fast breathing that does not reach deeper lung regions.
Tachypnea
178
The respiratory center that modifies breathing patterns during speaking and emotional responses.
Pons (Pontine respiratory center)
179
The lung volume that remains in the lungs after a maximal exhalation.
Residual volume
180
The breathing technique that slows expiration to keep alveoli open longer, often used in COPD.
Pursed-lip breathing
181
The respiratory condition characterized by sudden, life-threatening airway closure.
Anaphylaxis
182
The condition where low oxygen levels in tissues cause cellular damage.
Hypoxia
183
The normal oxygen saturation level in arterial blood.
95-100%
184
The disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affecting the lungs.
Tuberculosis (TB)
185
The term for oxygen deficiency at high altitudes, causing dizziness and shortness of breath.
Altitude sickness (Acute mountain sickness)
186
The term for an abnormal increase in lung compliance due to alveolar destruction.
Pulmonary emphysema
187
The term for a condition where excess mucus blocks airflow in the lungs.
Chronic bronchitis
188
The term for the part of the lungs where no gas exchange occurs.
Dead space
189
The hormone that can cause bronchodilation during an allergic reaction.
Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
190
The name for lung collapse due to incomplete alveolar expansion.
Atelectasis
191
The type of respiratory drive that depends on low oxygen levels instead of high CO₂ levels.
Hypoxic drive
192
The term for reduced lung expansion due to pleural abnormalities.
Restrictive lung disease
193
The term for the movement of air in and out of the lungs.
Ventilation
194
The lung disease caused by long-term inhalation of harmful dust particles, like coal dust.
Pneumoconiosis
195
The chronic inflammatory disorder of the lungs where alveolar walls are destroyed.
Emphysema
196
The condition where air enters the pleural space, compressing the lung and shifting the trachea.
Tension pneumothorax
197
The term for the process of measuring the oxygen saturation of blood using a non-invasive device.
Pulse oximetry
198
Tidal Volume (TV)
Volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing (~500 mL).
199
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal inhalation (~3,100 mL).
200
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation (~1,200 mL).
201
Residual Volume (RV)
Air remaining in lungs after forceful exhalation (~1,200 mL).
202
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
TV + IRV → Maximum air that can be inhaled after normal exhalation.
203
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
ERV + RV → Air remaining in the lungs after normal exhalation.
204
Vital Capacity (VC)
TV + IRV + ERV → Maximum air exhaled after maximum inhalation.
205
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
TV + IRV + ERV + RV → Maximum amount of air the lungs can hold.
