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anatomy and physiology skeletal > respiratory system part 1 > Flashcards

respiratory system part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory system parts

A

Pulmonary ventilation

external respiration

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2
Q

circulatory system parts

A

transport

internal respiration

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3
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

movement of air into and out of the lungs

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4
Q

external respiration

A

O2 and CO2 exchange between the lungs and the blood

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5
Q

internal respiration

A

O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

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6
Q

major organs involved in respiration

A 
nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi and their branches
Lungs and alveoli
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7
Q

respiratory zone

A

site of gas exchange

bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

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8
Q

conductig zone

A

conduits to gas exchange sites

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9
Q

respiratory muscles

A

diaphragm and other muscles that promote ventilation

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10
Q

nose two regions

A

external nose and nasal cavity

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11
Q

External nose parts

A

root, bridge, dorsum nasi, and apex

philtrum and nostrils

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12
Q

Philtrum

A

a shallow vertical groove inferior to the apex

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13
Q

nasal cavity parts

A

in and posterior to the external nose
Divided by a midline nasal septum
Posterior nasal apertures (choanae) open into the nasal pharynx
floor and roof

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14
Q

nasal floor and roof

A

Roof: ethmoid and sphenoid bones
Floor: hard and soft palates

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15
Q

Vestibule

A

nasal cavity superior to the nostrils

Vibrissae filter coarse particles from inspired air

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16
Q

Olfactory mucosa

A

Lines the superior nasal cavity

Contains smell receptors

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17
Q

Respiratory mucosa cells

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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18
Q

Respiratory mucosa

parts and functiona

A

Mucous and serous secretions contain lysozyme and defensins
Cilia move contaminated mucus posteriorly to throat
Inspired air is warmed by plexuses of capillaries and veins
Sensory nerve endings triggers sneezing

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19
Q

parts of pharynx top to bottom

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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20
Q

Superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae

functions

A

Protrude from the lateral walls
Increase mucosal area
Enhance air turbulence

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21
Q

During inhalation, the conchae and nasal mucosa

A

Filter, heat, and moisten air

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22
Q

During exhalation the conchae and nasal mucosa

A

reclaim heat and moisture

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23
Q

Pharynx location

A

Muscular tube that connects to the
Nasal cavity and mouth superiorly
Larynx and esophagus inferiorly
From the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra

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24
Q

Larynx location

A

Attaches to the hyoid bone and opens into the laryngopharynx
Continuous with the trachea

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25
Q

larynx functions

A

Provides a patent airway
Routes air and food into proper channels
Voice production

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26
Q

Cartilages of the larynx

A

Hyaline cartilage except for the epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage with laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
Ring-shaped cricoid cartilage

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27
Q

Epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage; covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing

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28
Q

cricotomy

A

puncture hole between adams apple and cricoid cartilage in order to allow breathing when air way blocked

29
Q

Vocal ligaments of larynx

A

Contain elastic fibers
Form core of vocal folds (true vocal cords)
Opening between them is the glottis
Folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs

30
Q

Vestibular folds (false vocal cords) of larynx

A

Superior to the vocal folds
No part in sound production
Help to close the glottis during swallowing

31
Q

Speech

A

release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis

32
Q

Pitch is determined by

A

length and tension of the vocal cords

33
Q

Loudness depends upon

A

force of air

34
Q

what enhances sound quality

A

Chambers of pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities

35
Q

Sound is “shaped” into language by

A

muscles of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips

36
Q

Valsalva’s maneuver

A

Glottis closes to prevent exhalation
Abdominal muscles contract
Intra-abdominal pressure rises
Helps to empty the rectum or stabilizes the trunk during heavy lifting

37
Q

trachea

A

wind pipe

38
Q

trachea wall compose of three layers

A

mucosa
submucosa
adventitia

39
Q

mucosa

A

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells

40
Q

submucosa

A

connective tissue with seromucous glands

41
Q

Adventitia

A

outermost layer made of connective tissue that encases the C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

42
Q

bronchi and subdivisions

A

Air passages undergo 23 orders of branching

Branching pattern called the bronchial (respiratory) tree

43
Q

Conducting Zone Structures

A

trachea branches unto right and left main primary
each main bronchi branches into lobar (secundary branches)
Each lobar bronchus branches into segmental (tertiary) bronchi
which divide repeatedly

44
Q

compare right and left main bronchi

A

Right main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left

45
Q

Each lobar bronchus supplies

A

one lobe

46
Q

Bronchioles diameter

A

less than 1 mm in diameter

47
Q

Terminal bronchioles diameter

A

are the smallest, less than 0.5 mm diameter

48
Q

left lung lobe divided into

A

two parts, superior lobe and inferior lobe seperated by oblique fissure

49
Q

right lung divided into

A

superior lobe, middle lobe, and inferior lobe separated by oblique and horizontal fissure

50
Q

changes that occur from bronchi through bronchioles

A

Cartilage rings give way to plates; cartilage is absent from bronchioles
Epithelium changes from pseudostratified columnar to cuboidal; cilia and goblet cells become sparse
Relative amount of smooth muscle increases

51
Q

main site for gas exchange

A

alvioli

52
Q

Respiratory Membrane

A

~0.5-m-thick air-blood barrier

Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes

53
Q

Alveolar walls

cells

A

Single layer of squamous epithelium (type I cells)

54
Q

cuboidal cells

A

secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins

55
Q

alveoli

A

Surrounded by fine elastic fibers
Contain open pores for pressure to equalize
House alveolar macrophages that keep alveolar surfaces sterile

56
Q

two forces against inflation of alvioli

A

elasticity (make ballon push out air)

surface tension of water ( water stays together, 15x harder to breathe w/o surfactant

57
Q

lungs

A

Occupy all of the thoracic cavity except the mediastinum

58
Q

root

A

site of vascular and bronchial attachments

59
Q

costal surface

A

anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces

60
Q

apex

A

superior tip

61
Q

base

A

inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm

62
Q

hilum

A

on mediastinal surface; site for attachment of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

63
Q

Cardiac notch of left lung

A

contains heart

64
Q

smallest subdivision of lung

A

lobules

65
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

handles blood supply,
Pulmonary arteries deliver systemic venous blood
Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones to the heart
Bronchial arteries provide oxygenated blood to lung tissue
Pulmonary veins carry most venous blood back to the heart

66
Q

Pleurae

A

Thin, double-layered serosa

67
Q

Parietal pleura

A

on thoracic wall and superior face of diaphragm

68
Q

Visceral pleura

A

on external lung surface

69
Q

pleural fluid

A

Pleural fluid fills the slitlike pleural cavity

Provides lubrication and surface tension

anatomy and physiology skeletal (9 decks)

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