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anatomy and physiology skeletal > skeletal system > Flashcards

skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal Cartilages

A

Contain no blood vessels or nerves

Dense connective tissue girdle of perichondrium contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage

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2
Q

Hyaline cartilages

A

imperceptable, nose joints, chondroblasts, supports, reinforces, resists repetetive stress

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3
Q

Fibrocartilages

A

thick collagen fibers, tensile strength and shock absorber, discs

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4
Q

elastic cartilage

A

more elastic fibers, big lacunae

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5
Q

articular surface

A

where things go together and touch

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6
Q

growth of cartilage appositional

A

Cells secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

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7
Q

growth of cartilage interstitial

A

Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within

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8
Q

growth of cartilage calcification occurs during

A

normal bone growth, old age

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9
Q

two main groups of bones (by location)

A 
Axial skeleton (brown)
Appendicular skeleton (yellow)
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10
Q

Axial skeleton (brown)

A

straight down axis. skull, vertebrae, ribs

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11
Q

Appendicular skeleton (yellow

A

appendages. arms, legs

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12
Q

Long bones

A

Longer than they are wide

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13
Q

Short bones

A 
Cube-shaped bones (in wrist and ankle)
Sesamoid bones (within tendons, e.g., patella)
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14
Q

flat bones

A

Thin, flat, slightly curved

skull sternum

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15
Q

irregular bones

A

complicated bones

vertebrae

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16
Q

functions of bones

A

support (For the body and soft organs)
protection (For brain, spinal cord, and vital organs)
movement (Levers for muscle action)
storage (calcium, phorphorous, growth factors, triglyceride energy)
blood cell formation in marrow cavities

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17
Q

bone Bulges, depressions, and holes serve as

A

Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
Joint surfaces
Conduits for blood vessels and nerves

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18
Q

Tuberosity

A

rounded projection

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19
Q

Crest

A

narrow, prominent ridge

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20
Q

Trochanter

A

large, blunt, irregular surface

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21
Q

Line

A

narrow ridge of bone

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22
Q

Tubercle

A

small rounded projection

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23
Q

Epicondyle

A

raised area above a condyle

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24
Q

Spine

A

sharp, slender projection

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25
Q

Process

A

any bony prominence

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26
Q

projections that help form joints

A

head
facet
condyle
ramus

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27
Q

head

A

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

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28
Q

facet

A

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

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29
Q

condyle

A

Rounded articular projection

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30
Q

ramus

A

armlike bar

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31
Q

meatus

A

canal like passageway

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32
Q

sinus

A

Cavity within a bone

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33
Q

fossa

A

Shallow, basinlike depression

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34
Q

groove, furrow

A

narrow depression

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35
Q

fissure

A

Narrow, slitlike opening

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36
Q

foramen

A

Round or oval opening through a bone

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37
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense outer layer

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38
Q

spongy bone

A

Honeycomb of trabeculae

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39
Q

structure of long bone

A

Diaphysis

Epiphyses

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40
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft)
Compact bone collar surrounds medullary (marrow) cavity
Medullary cavity in adults contains fat (yellow marrow)

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41
Q

Epiphyses

A 
Expanded ends 
Spongy bone interior 
Epiphyseal line (remnant of growth plate) 
Articular (hyaline) cartilage on joint surfaces
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42
Q

Periosteum

A

Outer fibrous layer
Inner osteogenic layer
Nerve fibers, nutrient blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels enter the bone via nutrient foramina
Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey’s fibers

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43
Q

what cells are in inner osteogenic layer

A

Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells)
Osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells)
Osteogenic cells (stem cells)

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44
Q

endosteum

A

Delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone

Also contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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45
Q

Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones

A 
no epiphysis no diaphysis 
Periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside 
Endosteum-covered spongy bone within 
Spongy bone called diploë in flat bones 
Bone marrow between the trabeculae
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46
Q

Red marrow cavities of adults

A

Trabecular cavities of the heads of the femur and humerus

Trabecular cavities of the diploë of flat bones

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47
Q

Red marrow of newborn infants

A

Medullary cavities and all spaces in spongy bone

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48
Q

Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells

A

Stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that give rise to osteoblasts

49
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-forming cells

50
Q

Osteocytes

A 
mature bone cells
in senescence (not dividing) until break bone
51
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Cells that break down (resorb) bone matrix

Involved in bone repair

52
Q

osteon

A 
haverisian system
contain lamellae (made of collagen  fibers)
central canal (blood vessels, nerves)
perforating canals
lacunae
canaliculi
53
Q

Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals

A

At right angles to the central canal

Connects blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum and central canal

54
Q

lacunae

A

small cavities that contain osteocytes

55
Q

canaliculi

A

hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

56
Q

spongy bone contains

A

trabeculae
Align along lines of stress
No osteons
Contain irregularly arranged lamellae, osteocytes, and canaliculi
Capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients

57
Q

Chemical Composition of Bone: Organic

A

Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

osteoid

58
Q

Osteoid

A

organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts
Ground substance (proteoglycans, glycoproteins)
Collagen fibers

59
Q

Chemical Composition of Bone: Inorganic

A

Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)
65% of bone by mass
Mainly calcium phosphate crystals
Responsible for hardness and resistance to compression

60
Q

Osteogenesis (ossification)

A

bone tissue formation

61
Q

bone development stages

A

Bone formation—begins in the 2nd month of development
Postnatal bone growth—until early adulthood
Bone remodeling and repair—lifelong

62
Q

two types of ossification

A

Intramembranous ossification

Endochondral ossification

63
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane

Forms most flat bones (cranial bones)

64
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Cartilage (endochondral) bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification
Forms most of the rest of the skeleton

65
Q

Intramembranous ossification steps

A

Ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane.
Bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous membrane and calcifies
Woven bone and periosteum form
Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosteum. Red marrow appears.

66
Q

Endochondral ossification steps

A

Bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage model
Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities (medullar cavity)
The periosteal bud inavades the internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form (blood vessels go into medullar cavity in order for spongy bone to form)
The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity (thicker) forms as ossification continues. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses in preparation for stage 5.
The epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages.

67
Q

Postnatal Bone Growth interstitial

A

length of long bones

68
Q

Postnatal Bone Growth appositional

A

thickness and remodeling of all bones by osteoblasts and osteoclasts on bone surfaces

69
Q

for growth in long bones (interstitial ) Epiphyseal plate cartilage organizes into four important functional zones

A

Proliferation (growth, top epi plate lengthing, cells dividing) (grows toward)
Hypertrophic (big lacunae9
Calcification (break down lacunae)
Ossification (osteogenic) /bone)

70
Q

Growth hormone stimulates

A

epiphyseal plate activity

71
Q

Testosterone and estrogens (at puberty)

A

Promote adolescent growth spurts

End growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure

72
Q

Bone Deposit

A

Occurs where bone is injured or added strength is needed

Requires a diet rich in protein; vitamins C, D, and A; calcium; phosphorus; magnesium; and manganese

73
Q

Sites of new matrix deposit are revealed by

A

Osteoid seam

calcification front

74
Q

osteoid seam

A

Unmineralized band of matrix

Calcification front

75
Q

calcification front

A

The abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and the older mineralized bone

76
Q

Bone Resorption

A

Osteoclasts secrete
(Lysosomal enzymes (digest organic matrix)
Acids (convert calcium salts into soluble forms)
Dissolved matrix is transcytosed across osteoclast, enters interstitial fluid and then blood

77
Q

Bone Remodeling

A

Resorption (removal) and deposit occurring together

performed by osteoclasts and osteoblasts

78
Q

Bone Remodeling occurs at

A

surface of periosteum and endosteum

79
Q

does remodeling happen equally throughout skeleton

A

no, Areas of high stress remodeled more frequently to prevent those areas from becoming too brittle.

80
Q

What controls continual remodeling of bone?

A

Hormonal mechanisms that maintain calcium homeostasis in the blood
Mechanical and gravitational forces sensed by osteocytes
(communicate to stimulate remodeling)

81
Q

removal of osteocytes causes loss of

A

remodeling activities

82
Q

Calcium is necessary for

A 
Transmission of nerve impulses
Muscle contraction
Blood coagulation
Secretion by glands and nerve cells
Cell division
83
Q

Hormonal Control of Blood Ca2+ flow chart

A 
Blood Ca2+ levels drop
Parathyroid glands increase release PTH
PTH stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ 
Blood Ca2+ levels increase
Parathyroid glands decrease PTH
84
Q

wolffs law

A

A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it

85
Q

what fractures most common

A

extremities

86
Q

most common in what man and women ages

A

in men up to 45 years of age

in women over 45 years of age

87
Q

before 75 years what fractures are most common

A

wrist

88
Q

after 75 years what fractures are most common

A

hip

89
Q

Bone fractures may be classified by four “either/or” classifications:

A

Position of bone ends after fracture
Completeness of the break
Orientation of the break to the long axis of the bone
Whether or not the bone ends penetrate the skin

90
Q

Position of bone ends after fracture

A

Nondisplaced—ends retain normal position

Displaced—ends out of normal alignment

91
Q

Completeness of the break

A

Complete—broken all the way through

Incomplete—not broken all the way through

92
Q

Orientation of the break to the long axis of the bone

A

Linear—parallel to long axis of the bone
Transverse—perpendicular to long axis of the bone
Spiral or Oblique – on an oblique angle

93
Q

Whether or not the bone ends penetrate the skin:

A

Compound (open)—bone ends penetrate the skin

Simple (closed)—bone ends do not penetrate the skin

94
Q

All fractures can be described in terms of

A

Location
External appearance
Nature of the break

95
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Three or more bone pieces - high energy trauma

can require serious hardware to repair

96
Q

Compression (crush) fractures

A

Fracture in spongy bone: result of compression (osteoporosis)
most common vertebrae

97
Q

spiral or oblique fracture

A

Caused by violence transmitted through limb from a distance (twisting movements)

98
Q

epiphyseal fracture

A

fracture at growth plate

99
Q

depressed fracture

A

make a depression (shot in head, hammer to head)

100
Q

Greenstick

A

Occurs in children: bones soft and bend without fracturing completely

101
Q

Transverse fracture

A

Usually caused by directly applied force to fracture site

perpendicular to disaphysis

102
Q

Functions of the X-ray

A

Localises fracture and number of fragments
Indicates degree of displacement
Evidence of pre-existing disease in bone
Foreign bodies or air in tissues
May show other fractures
MRI, CT or ultrasound to reveal soft tissue damage

103
Q

how to handle fracturea

A

reduction
maipulation
traction

104
Q

open reduction

A

– Allows very accurate reduction
risk of infection
Usually when internal fixation is Needed

105
Q

Manipulation

A

closed reduction
usually with anesthesia
setting bone

106
Q

traction

A

Fractures or dislocation requiring slow pulling resistance.

107
Q

Closed Reduction

A

a procedure to set (reduce) a broken bone without surgery

108
Q

holding reduction external fixation

A

4-12 weeks, used for fractures too unstable for cast, pins and frames

109
Q

Internal fixation

A

Pins, nails, compression plates, screws, intramedullary rods

110
Q

frame fixation

A

Allows correction of deformities by moving the pins in relation to the frame

111
Q

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture

A

Hematoma forms
Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
Bony callus formation
Bone remodeling

112
Q

Hematoma forms

A

Torn blood vessels hemorrhage
Clot (hematoma) forms
INFLAMMATION - Site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed
– lasts 6-8 hours after injury

113
Q

Fibrocartilaginous callus forms

A

Phagocytic cells clear debris
Osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone within 1 week
Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to connect bone ends
Mass of repair tissue now called fibrocartilaginous callus
lasts about 3 weeks

114
Q

Bony callus formation

A

New trabeculae form a bony (hard) callus

Bony callus formation continues until firm union is formed in ~2 months

115
Q

Bone remodeling

A

In response to mechanical stressors over several months

Final structure resembles original

116
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Loss of bone mass—bone resorption outpaces deposit
Spongy bone of spine and neck of femur become most susceptible to fracture
Risk factors

117
Q

Osteoporosis risk factors

A

Lack of estrogen, calcium or vitamin D; petite body form; immobility; low levels of TSH; diabetes mellitus

118
Q

Osteoporosis: Treatment and Prevention

A

Calcium, vitamin D, and fluoride supplements
increase Weight-bearing exercise throughout life
Hormone (estrogen) replacement therapy (HRT) slows bone loss
Some drugs (Fosamax, SERMs, statins) increase bone mineral density

anatomy and physiology skeletal (9 decks)

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