Rest and Sleep Flashcards
(17 cards)
_____
- is a basic human need; it is a universal biologic process common to all people. Humans spend about one third of their lives asleep.
- was considered a state of unconsciousness.
Sleep
The upper part of the reticular formation consists of a network of ascending nerve fibers called the _____ (RAS), which is involved with the sleep/wake cycle.
reticular activating system
The term _____ is from the Latin circa dies, meaning “about a day.”
circadian
Types of Sleep
_____ occurs when activity in the Reticular Activating System (RAS) is inhibited. About 75% to 80% of sleep during a night.
_____ usually recurs about every 90 minutes and lasts 5 to 30 minutes.
- Non–Rapid-Eye-Movement (NREM)
- Rapid Eye Movement (REM) SLEEP
Stages of NREM
a. Stage 1 is the stage of very light sleep and lasts only a few minutes. During this stage, the person feels drowsy and relaxed, the eyes roll from side to side, and the heart and respiratory rates drop slightly.
b. Stage 2 is the stage of sleep during which body processes continue to slow down. The eyes are generally still, the heart and respiratory rates decrease slightly, and body temperature falls.
c. Stage 3 is the deepest stage of sleep, differing only in the percentage of delta waves recorded during a 30-second period. During deep sleep or delta sleep, the sleeper’s heart and respiratory rates drop 20% to 30% below those exhibited during waking hours. The sleeper is difficult to arouse. This stage is essential for restoring energy and releasing important growth hormones.
This type of sleep is also called paradoxical sleep because electroencephalogram (EEG) activity resembles that of wakefulness.
In this phase, the sleeper may be difficult to arouse or may wake spontaneously, gastric secretions increase, and heart and respiratory rates often are irregular.
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) SLEEP
Sleep Cycles
During a sleep cycle, people typically pass through NREM and REM sleep, the complete
cycle usually lasting about _____ to _____ minutes in adults.
90 to 110 minutes
The healthy adult sleeper usually experiences four to six cycles of sleep during 7 to 8 hours .
Functions of Sleep
- Sleep exerts physiological effects on both the nervous system and other body structures.
- Sleep in some way restores normal levels of activity and normal balance among parts of the nervous system.
- Sleep is also necessary for protein synthesis, which allows repair processes to occur.
- The role of sleep in psychological well-being is best noticed by the deterioration in mental functioning related to sleep loss.
Normal Sleep Patterns and Requirements
A. Newborns
➢ Newborns sleep 12 to 18 hours a day, on an irregular schedule with periods of 1 to 3 hours spent awake.
➢ It is best to put newborns to bed when they are sleepy but not asleep. Newborns can be encouraged to sleep less during the day by exposing them to light and by playing more with them during the day hours. As evening approaches, the environment can be less bright and quieter with less activity
B. Infants
➢ infants awaken every 3 or 4 hours, eat, and then go back to sleep.
➢ Periods of wakefulness gradually increase during the first months.
➢ Putting infants to bed when they are drowsy but not asleep helps them to become “self-soothers.” This means that they fall asleep independently and if they do awake at night, they can put themselves back to sleep.
➢ Infants who become used to parental assistance at bedtime may become “signalers” and cry for their parents to help them return to sleep at night.
C. Toddlers
➢ Between 12 and 14 hours of sleep are recommended for children 1 to 3 years of age.
➢ Most still need an afternoon nap, but the need for midmorning naps gradually decreases.
Normal Sleep Patterns and Requirements
D. Preschoolers
➢ The preschool-age child (3 to 5 years of age) requires 11 to 13 hours of sleep per night, particularly if the child is in preschool.
➢ Sleep needs fluctuate in relation to activity and growth spurts. Many children of this age dislike bedtime and resist by requesting another story, game, or television program.
E. School-Age Children
➢ The school-age child (5 to 12 years of age) needs 10 to 11 hours of sleep per night, but most receive less because of increasing demands (e.g., homework, sports, social activities).
➢ They may also be spending more time at the computer and watching TV.
F. Adolescents
➢ Adolescents (12 to 18 years of age) require 9 to 10 hours of sleep each night; however, few actually get that much sleep.
➢ A psychosocial factor affecting later bedtime in the adolescent population is the desire for greater independence.
G. Adults
➢ Most healthy adults get 7 to 8 hours of sleep per night (National Sleep Foundation, n.d.d).
➢ Signs that may indicate that a person is not getting enough sleep include falling asleep or becoming drowsy during a task that is not fatiguing (e.g., listening to a presentation), not being able to concentrate or remember information, and being unreasonably irritable with others.
➢ Lack of sleep also contributes to short-term memory loss and inadequate performance on newly learned tasks (National Sleep Foundation, n.d.d).
Normal Sleep Patterns and Requirements
H. Older Adults
➢ A hallmark change with age is a tendency toward earlier bedtime and wake times.
➢ Older adults (65 to 75 years) usually awaken 1.3 hours earlier and go to bed approximately 1 hour earlier than younger adults (ages 20 to 30).
➢ During sleep, an older adult has a flattened-circadian rhythm. This is noted by the earlier bedtime and morning arousal.
➢ Redeker and McEnany (2011) describe this rhythm as advanced _____.
➢ _____ and _____ are factors that interrupt sleep.
sleep phase syndrome
Medical conditions and pain
_____ is a subjective characteristic and is often determined by whether a person wakes up feeling energetic or not.
_____ is the total time the individual sleeps.
Sleep quality
Quantity of sleep
Factors Affecting Sleep
Illness
Environment
Lifestyle
Emotional Stress
Stimulants and Alcohol
Diet
Smoking
Motivation
Medications
_____ is considered by most sleep experts to be the one of the greatest causes of difficulties in falling asleep or staying asleep.
_____ containing beverages act as stimulants of the central nervous system (CNS).
Stress
Caffeine
These drugs may disrupt REM sleep, delay onset of sleep, or decrease sleep time:
- Alcohol
- Amphetamines
- Antidepressants
- Beta-blockers
- Bronchodilators
- Caffeine
- Decongestants
- Narcotics
- Steroid
Nursing Responsibilities in Promoting Sleep
SLEEP PATTERN
ENVIRONMENT
DIET
MEDICATIONS
