restrictive

Question 1

What is the etiology of Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia (NSIP)?

Answer 1

Unknown.

Question 2

What is the typical demographic affected by NSIP?

Answer 2

Younger individuals, often female non-smokers.

Question 3

What are the histological features of NSIP?

Answer 3

Uniform patchy fibrosis with preserved lung architecture, lacks honeycombing and fibroblast foci.

Question 4

What is the treatment and prognosis of NSIP?

Answer 4

Better prognosis than UIP; some respond to steroids or immunomodulators.

Question 5

What is another name for Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia?

Answer 5

Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP).

Question 6

What are the histological features of Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia?

Answer 6

Masson bodies in alveoli, normal lung architecture, no interstitial fibrosis or honeycomb lung.

Question 7

What are clinical features of Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia?

Answer 7

Cough and dyspnea.

Question 8

What are radiologic findings in Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia?

Answer 8

Patchy subpleural or peribronchial areas of airspace consolidation.

Question 9

When is organizing pneumonia not considered cryptogenic?

Answer 9

When it’s due to infections, inhaled toxins, transplantation, or connective tissue diseases.

Question 10

Which diseases show pulmonary manifestations in collagen vascular disease?

Answer 10

Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis-polymyositis.

Question 11

What are common pathologic patterns seen in collagen vascular lung disease?

Answer 11

UIP, NSIP, organizing pneumonia, bronchiolitis +/- fibrosis, lymphoid interstitial pneumonia.

Question 12

What is pneumoconiosis?

Answer 12

Non-neoplastic lung reaction to inhaled mineral dust, chemical fumes, or vapors.

Question 13

What are common dusts that cause pneumoconiosis?

Answer 13

Coal dust, silica, and asbestos.

Question 14

How does particle size affect lung deposition?

Answer 14

Particles 1–5 µm reach terminal airways and are deposited.

Question 15

What role do macrophages play in pneumoconiosis?

Answer 15

Phagocytose particles, activate inflammasome, release IL-1.

Question 16

What are occupational risk factors for asbestosis?

Answer 16

Mining, milling, insulation, construction, demolition.

Question 17

What diseases are associated with asbestos exposure?

Answer 17

Pleural plaques, effusions, asbestosis, lung carcinoma, mesothelioma.

Question 18

What are the two forms of asbestos fibers?

Answer 18

Serpentine (common), Amphibole (more pathogenic).

Question 19

What are asbestos bodies?

Answer 19

Golden brown rods with iron-protein coating.

Question 20

How does asbestos cause cancer?

Answer 20

Iron catalyzes free radicals → DNA damage → carcinogenesis.

Question 21

What are clinical symptoms of asbestosis?

Answer 21

Progressive dyspnea, dry cough, possibly cor pulmonale or CHF.

Question 22

How does smoking affect asbestos-related cancer risk?

Answer 22

Greatly increases risk of lung carcinoma but not mesothelioma.

Question 23

What causes silicosis?

Answer 23

Inhalation of crystalline silica.

Question 24

What are occupational risks for silicosis?

Answer 24

Mining, stonecutting, sandblasting, foundry work, ceramics.

Question 25

How does silica impair macrophage function?

Answer 25

Inhibits ability to kill phagocytosed mycobacteria.

Question 26

What are key radiologic findings in silicosis?

Answer 26

Eggshell calcification in lymph nodes.

Question 27

What are microscopic features of silicosis?

Answer 27

Whorled collagen and dust-laden macrophages.

Question 28

What are complications of silicosis?

Answer 28

Pulmonary TB, lung cancer, progressive fibrosis.

Question 29

What is anthracosis?

Answer 29

Carbon pigment accumulation in lungs; asymptomatic.

Question 30

What are features of simple CWP?

Answer 30

Dust-laden macrophages, minimal fibrosis, no major dysfunction.

Question 31

What is progressive massive fibrosis in CWP?

Answer 31

Coalescence of nodules into fibrotic scars, pulmonary dysfunction.

Question 32

What is sarcoidosis?

Answer 32

Multisystem disease with noncaseating granulomas.

Question 33

What are risk factors for sarcoidosis?

Answer 33

Young adults, African Americans, non-smokers.

Question 34

What is the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis?

Answer 34

Type IV hypersensitivity to unknown antigen.

Question 35

What are lung histological features in sarcoidosis?

Answer 35

Non-necrotizing granulomas, Schaumann bodies, asteroid bodies.

Question 36

What are common symptoms of sarcoidosis?

Answer 36

Dry cough, dyspnea, fatigue, low-grade fever.

Question 37

Which organs are commonly affected in sarcoidosis?

Answer 37

Lungs, skin, eyes, parotids, spleen, liver, bone marrow.

Question 38

How is sarcoidosis diagnosed?

Answer 38

Exclude infections, biopsy, elevated ACE, hypercalcemia, increased CD4:CD8 ratio.

Question 39

What causes hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

Answer 39

Prolonged exposure to organic antigens, often occupational.

Question 40

What are examples of hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

Answer 40

Farmer’s lung, Silo filler’s disease, Byssinosis.

Question 41

What immune reactions are involved in hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

Answer 41

Type III and IV hypersensitivity.

Question 42

What are morphological features of hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

Answer 42

Alveolitis, chronic inflammation, poorly formed granulomas.

Question 43

What are clinical features of acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

Answer 43

Fever, cough, dyspnea 4–8 hours after exposure.

Question 44

What are chronic symptoms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

Answer 44

Dry cough, dyspnea, malaise, weight loss.

Question 45

What is pneumonia?

Answer 45

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma, can be infectious or non-infectious.

Question 46

What are symptoms of pneumonia?

Answer 46

Fever, cough, chest pain, dyspnea, pleuritis, malaise.