Review 6 Flashcards
(204 cards)
1
Q
Furtively
A
/ˈfɝː.t̬ɪv.li/
secretly and often dishonestly:
As she turned away I saw him sniff furtively under his arm.
She saw him talking furtively to another man.
She glanced furtively at the papers on his desk.
2
Q
Furtive
A
/ˈfɝː.t̬ɪv/
done or acting secretly and quietly to avoid being noticed:
They exchanged furtive gestures and words of encouragement.
I saw him cast a furtive glance at the woman at the table to his right.
He made one or two furtive phone calls.
There was something furtive about his behaviour and I immediately felt suspicious.
3
Q
Fatuous
A
/ˈfætʃ.u.əs/ formal
vacuous
stupid, not correct, or not carefully thought about:
a fatuous idea
They chattered fatuously about old movies.
4
Q
Vacuous
A
/ˈvæk.ju.əs/ formal
not expressing or showing intelligent thought or purpose:
a vacuous remark/question/expression/smile
To seem real to your readers, your characters must not be vacuous, but complex human beings with ordinary difficulties and goals.
He stared down at her, grinning vacuously.
They spent their time with me staring vacuously into space.
5
Q
Seance
A
/ˈseɪ.ɑːns/
a meeting where people try to talk with dead people:
They’re holding a séance this evening.
6
Q
Exacerbate
A
/ɪɡˈzæs.ɚ.beɪt/
to make something that is already bad even worse:
This attack will exacerbate the already tense relations between the two communities.
Her allergy was exacerbated by the dust.
7
Q
Allay
A
/əˈleɪ/ formal
If you allay a strong emotion felt by someone, such as fear or worry, you cause them to feel it less or to feel calm again:
The government is trying to allay public fears/concern about the spread of the disease.
I was nervous, but seeing her allayed my fears.
8
Q
Manifest
A
/ˈmæn.ə.fest/ formal
to show something clearly, through signs or actions:
The workers chose to manifest their dissatisfaction in a series of strikes.
The illness first manifested itself in/as severe stomach pains.
Lack of confidence in the company manifested itself in a fall in the share price.
9
Q
Contraction
A
/kənˈtræk·ʃən/
a reduction in size or amount:
[ C ] an economic contraction
[ U ] Heat differences cause rapid expansion and contraction of the gas.
A contraction is a shortening of a muscle intentionally, or a sudden, unexpected, and often painful shortening of a muscle:
[ C ] voluntary/involuntary contractions
[ U ] Contraction of the muscle raises your arm.
[ C ] Researchers think olive oil may slow stomach contractions.
10
Q
Subside
A
(of a condition) to become less strong, or (of an activity or disagreement) to become less violent:
When her pain didn’t subside, Matt drove her to the hospital.
Friction between the groups subsided gradually.
There is a danger that many homes will subside because of the drought.
Eventually the flood waters began to subside.
11
Q
Byproduct
A
/ˈbɑɪˌprɑd·əkt, -ʌkt/
something that is produced as a result of making something else, or something unexpected that happens as a result of something else:
The deep depression he fell into was a byproduct of his disease.
12
Q
Debilitate
A
/dɪˈbɪl.ə.teɪt/ formal
enfeeble
to make someone or something physically weak:
Chemotherapy exhausted and debilitated him.
a debilitating condition/disease
13
Q
Enfeeble
A
/ɪnˈfiː.bəl/ formal
to make someone or something very weak
A longing which was indistinguishable from loneliness enfeebled him.
Come away from here, that the sight of this child may not yet more enfeeble your heart.
14
Q
Prevalent
A
/ˈprev.əl.ənt/
rife predominant
existing very commonly or happening often:
These diseases are more prevalent among young children.
Trees are dying in areas where acid rain is most prevalent.
15
Q
Rife
A
/raɪf/ formal
If something unpleasant is rife, it is very common or happens a lot:
Dysentery (โรคบิด) and malaria are rife in the refugee camps.
Graft and corruption were rife in city government.
rife with sth
full of something unpleasant:
The office was rife with rumours.
16
Q
Graft
A
to take and put in place a graft:
Skin was removed from her leg and grafted on/onto her face.
[ T ] to join or add something new:
The management tried unsuccessfully to graft new working methods onto the existing ways of doing things.
[ U ] mainly us the act of getting money or advantage through the dishonest use of political power and influence:
The whole government was riddled with graft, bribery, and corruption.
He has had a skin graft on his badly burned arm.
17
Q
Multifarious
A
/ˌmʌl.tɪˈfer.i.əs/ formal
of many different types:
The newspaper report detailed the fraudster’s multifarious business activities.
18
Q
Reciprocate
A
/rɪˈsɪp·rəˌkeɪt/ fml
to do something for someone because the person has done something similar for you:
[ I ] We gave them information, but they didn’t reciprocate.
[ T ] Hemingway loved Stein and she reciprocated his love.
Sadly, my feelings for him were not reciprocated.
We invited them to dinner and a week later they reciprocated.
specialized engineering If a part of a machine reciprocates, it moves backwards and forwards:
Some electric razors have reciprocating heads.
19
Q
Orate
A
Make a speech, especially pompously or at length.
‘Hamlet thinks, speaks, orates, and acts’
‘He orates to overcapacity crowds on his favourite themes: ideology, psychoanalysis, religion and love.’
20
Q
Pompously
A
/ˈpɑːm.pəs.li/ disapproving
in a way that is too serious and shows that you think you are very important:
He strode around pompously, telling everyone what to do.
21
Q
Pompous
A
/ˈpɑːm.pəs/ disapproving
too serious and full of importance:
He’s a pompous old prig who’s totally incapable of taking a joke.
He can sometimes sound a little pompous when he talks about acting.
22
Q
Pomposity
A
Pompousness
disapproving
the quality of being too serious and showing that you think you are very important:
His pomposity and arrogance became clear in the interview.
See
23
Q
Overcapacity
A
/ˌəʊvəkəˈpæsəti/ US
a situation in which companies in an industry can make and supply more products than customers buy or are expected to buy:
He blamed the profit collapse on overcapacity which led to the excessive discounting of holiday packages.
24
Q
Vindictive
A
/vɪnˈdɪk.tɪv/ disapproving
revengeful vengeful
having or showing a wish to harm someone because you think that they harmed you; unwilling to forgive:
In the movie “Cape Fear”, a lawyer’s family is threatened by a vindictive former prisoner.
She sprayed red paint all over his car in one last vengeful act before leaving him for good.
25
Baleful
```
/ˈbeɪl.fəl/ literary
threatening to do something bad or to hurt someone:
He gave me a baleful look.
his baleful influence
```
Synonym
menacing
26
Rotund
/roʊˈtʌnd/
corpulent /ˈkɔːr.pjə.lənt/ formal
rounded or fat:
a rotund piglet/man
27
Plump
/plʌmp/
C2 having a pleasantly soft, rounded body or shape:
a nice plump chicken
plump juicy grapes
a child with plump rosy cheeks
C2 polite word for fat:
He's got rather plump since I last saw him.
to shake and push something to make it round and soft:
My aunt was busy straightening furniture and plumping cushions.
28
Excruciating
```
/ɪkˈskruː.ʃi.eɪ.t̬ɪŋ/
extremely painful:
an excruciating pain in the lower back
extremely boring or embarrassing:
excruciating boredom
```
His confession, when it came, was excruciating.
29
Immerse
/ɪˈmɜrs/
to involve someone completely in an activity:
She immersed herself wholly in her work.
To immerse something is also to put it completely under the surface of a liquid:
Immerse the egg in boiling water.
The course offers total immersion in English.
30
Endogenous
/enˈdɑː.dʒə.nəs/ specialized
found or coming from within something, for example a system or a person's body or mind:
Endogenous insulin levels decrease over time in people with type 2 diabetes.
There are those who see the origins of the crisis as endogenous to the region.
31
Exogenous
/ɪkˈsɑː.dʒə.nəs/
Having an external cause or origin.
‘technological changes exogenous to the oil industry’
(of a disease or symptom) attributable to an agent or organism outside the body.
‘exogenous depression’
32
Multifaceted
/ˌmʌl.tiˈfæs.ɪ.t̬ɪd/
having many different parts or sides:
It's a multifaceted business, offering a range of services.
33
Disposition
/ˌdɪs.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/
C2 [ C usually singular ] the particular type of character that a person naturally has:
She is of a nervous/cheerful/sunny disposition.
[ S + to infinitive ] formal a natural tendency to do something, or to have or develop something:
a disposition to deceive
34
Debridement
/dɪˈbriːd.mənt/ specialized
a treatment in which dead tissue is removed from wounds such as burns in order to help them get better:
chemical debridement
35
Concussion
/kənˈkʌʃ.ən/
temporary damage to the brain caused by a fall or hit on the head or by violent shaking:
uk He's been dizzy and confused since the accident. Do you think he has concussion?
us He's been dizzy and confused since the accident. Do you think he has a concussion?
36
Silver bullet
a simple solution to a complicated problem:
There was no silver bullet that could have prevented the atrocities.
37
Panacea
/ˌpæn.əˈsiː.ə/
something that will solve all problems:
Technology is not a panacea for all our problems.
Books are not meant to be a panacea for an illness or loss.
38
Stark
/stɑːrk/
empty, simple, or obvious, especially without decoration or anything that is not necessary:
It was a stark room with a bed and chair as the only furniture.
The stark reality is that we are operating at a huge loss.
In the suburbs the spacious houses stand in stark (= extreme) contrast to the slums of the city's poor.
completely or extremely:
The children were splashing in the river, stark naked.
If I didn't exercise, I think I'd go raving mad (uk also stark staring mad) from sitting at a desk all day.
39
Raving
/ˈreɪ.vɪŋ/ informal
complete or extreme, or completely or extremely:
He must be a raving idiot/lunatic.
Her last book was a raving best-seller/success.
She's no raving beauty.
I think you're (stark) raving mad to agree to do all that extra work without being paid for it.
40
Comply
/kəmˈplaɪ/ formal
Follow
C1 to act according to an order, set of rules, or request:
He's been ordered to have the dog destroyed because it's dangerous, but he refuses to comply.
There are serious penalties for failure to comply with the regulations.
to obey an order, rule, or request:
Comosa says he will comply with the judge’s ruling.
The company said that it had always acted in compliance with environmental laws.
41
Foster
Encourage
to encourage the development or growth of ideas or feelings:
I'm trying to foster an interest in classical music in my children.
They were discussing the best way to foster democracy and prosperity in the former communist countries.
42
Mindfulness
/ˈmaɪnd.fəl.nəs/
the practice of being aware of your body, mind, and feelings in the present moment, thought to create a feeling of calm:
Mindfulness can be used to alleviate feelings of anxiety and depression.
43
Catastrophize
/kəˈtastrəfʌɪz/
View or present a situation as considerably worse than it actually is.
‘traumatic experiences can predispose people to catastrophize’
I tend to catastrophize.
44
Predispose
/ˌprid·ɪˈspoʊz/
to influence someone to behave or think in a particular way or to have a particular condition:
Individualism predisposes many people to look for individual solutions to social problems.
Your family history can help a doctor determine if you are predisposed to developing heart disease.
45
Scourge
/skɝːdʒ/
The bane of sth
something or someone that causes great suffering or a lot of trouble:
the scourge of war/poverty/drugs
Pop-up ads have been described as the scourge of the Internet.
Smallpox, that scourge of previous generations, now is effectively extinct.
Verb
The country has been scourged by (= has suffered very much because of) famine in recent years.
46
Bane of sth
The bane of sth
a cause of continuous trouble or unhappiness:
Keeping noise levels low is the bane of airport administration.
That cat is the bane of my life!
Instead of doing his homework, my son is always playing computer games – they’re the bane of my existence these days.
47
Gynecologist
/ˌɡaɪ.nəˈkɑː.lə.dʒɪst/
a doctor skilled in the treatment of women's diseases, especially those of the reproductive organs
48
Incubate
When a bird, etc. incubates its eggs, it keeps them warm until the young come out, and when eggs incubate, they develop to the stage at which the young come out:
The female bird incubates the eggs for about 16 days.
ระยะฟักตัว
The incubation period varies depending on the time of year when the eggs were laid.
In smallpox, there is an incubation period of 8–18 days between initial infection and first symptoms.
49
Antenatal
/ˌæn.tiˈneɪ.t̬əl/ uk us prenatal
relating to the medical care given to pregnant women before their babies are born:
antenatal care/classes
the antenatal clinic
Some foetal abnormalities can be detected antenatally.
50
Intravenous
/ˌɪn.trəˈviː.nəs/ abbreviation IV
into or connected to a vein:
intravenous feeding/fluids
an intravenous drip/injection
Intravenous drug users are at particular risk of contracting the disease.
The antibiotic was given in a fluid intravenously.
51
Promiscuous
/prəˈmɪs.kju.əs/ disapproving
(of a person) having a lot of different sexual partners or sexual relationships, or (of sexual habits) involving a lot of different partners:
I suppose I was quite promiscuous in my youth.
It's a fallacy that gay men are more promiscuous than heterosexuals.
52
Fallacy
/ˈfæl.ə.si/ formal
an idea that a lot of people think is true but is in fact false:
[ + that ] It is a common fallacy that women are worse drivers than men.
53
Preponderant
/prɪˈpɑːn.dɚ.eɪt/ formal
to be more important or larger in size or number than other people or things in a group:
Although it was a mixed class, girls preponderated.
The evidence preponderates heavily against the verdict.
54
Stigmatize
/ˈstɪɡ.mə.taɪz/
to treat someone or something unfairly by disapproving of him, her, or it:
People should not be stigmatized on the basis of race.
Gabrielle felt stigmatized in math class because she was not seen as one of “the smart kids.”
55
Seclusion
She spent her days in the seclusion of her room.
```
Secluded
/səˈkluː.dɪd/
C2 quiet, private, and not near people, roads, or buildings:
a secluded beach
a secluded house in the forest
```
56
Concession
/kənˈseʃ.ən/
something that is allowed or given up, often in order to end a disagreement, or the act of allowing or giving this:
Both sides involved in the conflict made some concessions in yesterday's talks.
He stated firmly that no concessions will be made to the terrorists.
[ U ] the act of admitting defeat:
The former president's concession came even before all the votes had been counted.
a concession speech
uk a reduction in the usual price of something, made available to students, old people, etc.:
You can get travel concessions if you are under 26.
57
Stigmatization
/ˌstɪɡ.mə.t̬əˈzeɪ.ʃən/
the act of treating someone or something unfairly by publicly disapproving of them:
Care needs to be taken to ensure there is no stigmatization of children based on their home circumstances.
She kept her medical condition a secret for fear of stigmatization and discrimination.
58
Affiliate
/əˈfɪl.i.eɪt/
to cause a group to become part of or form a close relationship with another, usually larger, group, or organization:
a college affiliated to the University of Mumbai
The school is affiliated with a national association of driving schools.
[ T ] I’m not affiliated with any political party.
[ I ] The two schools will affiliate next year.
The group has affiliations with several organizations abroad.
59
Spearhead
/ˈspɪr.hed/
to lead something such as an attack or a course of action:
British troops spearheaded the invasion.
Joe Walker will be spearheading our new marketing initiative.
American troops formed the spearhead of the attack.
He is the spearhead of the project.
60
Forthcoming
[ before noun ] happening soon:
We have just received the information about the forthcoming conference.
friendly and helpful, willing to give information or to talk:
I had difficulty getting any details. He wasn't very forthcoming.
[ after verb ] produced, supplied, or given:
No explanation for his absence was forthcoming.
Will financial support for the theatre project be forthcoming?
61
Earmark
/ˈɪr.mɑːrk/
Apportion allocate
to keep or intend something for a particular purpose:
Five billion dollars of this year's budget is already earmarked for hospital improvements.
earmark sth for sth
The money had been earmarked for airport improvements.
earmark sth as sth
Africa was earmarked as a growth area.
earmark sth to do sth
Around 100 stores are earmarked to be sold.
a characteristic or feature that is typical of a person or thing:
He said the plan had all the earmarks of an economic disaster because it would increase customer costs.
62
Apportion
/əˈpɔːr.ʃən/ formal
to give or share out something, especially blame or money, among several people or things:
When we know how much is profit, then we can apportion the money among/between us.
The investigation into the air crash would inevitably apportion blame to certain members of the crew.
63
Guise
/ɡaɪz/
the appearance of someone or something, especially when intended to deceive:
The men who arrived in the guise of drug dealers were actually undercover police officers.
The company has been accused of trying to sell their products under the guise of market research.
64
Poky
uk informal A poky room, house, or other place is unpleasantly small and uncomfortable:
They live in a poky little flat.
us informal slow:
I wish you wouldn't be so poky when you're getting ready.
```
uk informal (of a car) fast:
a poky two-litre petrol engine
```
65
Versality
/ˌvɝː.səˈtɪl.ə.t̬i/
the quality of being versatile (= able to change easily or to be used for different purposes):
I have chosen these recipes to show the versatility of vegetables.
He wanted to challenge the actors and demonstrate their versatility.
He's a very versatile young actor who's as happy in highbrow dramas as he is in TV comedies.
A leather jacket is a timeless and versatile garment that can be worn in all seasons.
66
Highbrow
/ˈhaɪ.braʊ/ mainly disapproving
(of books, plays, etc.) involving serious and complicated or artistic ideas, or (of people) interested in serious and complicated subjects
a person who is only interested in serious art or complicated subjects:
This is a film for highbrows.
67
Lowbrow
/ˈloʊ.braʊ/ mainly disapproving
(of entertainment) not complicated or demanding much intelligence to be understood:
He regards the sort of books I read as very lowbrow.
I like a lowbrow action movie once in a while.
68
Middlebrow
/ˈmɪd.əl.braʊ/ mainly disapproving
Middlebrow music, literature, art, and films are of good quality, interesting, and often popular, but can be understood quite easily.
69
One-off
/ˌwʌnˈɑːf/ uk
us one-shot
something that happens or is made or done only once:
Will you be doing more talks in the future or was that just a one-off?
They gave him a one-off payment to compensate for the extra hours that he had to work.
70
Facelift
treatment to make something look more attractive, for example a building:
The bank is planning to give its 1930s building a complete facelift.
After two years of bad sales, our priority is to give all our stores a facelift.
71
Credentials
/krɪˈden·ʃəlz/
documents that state the abilities and experience of a person and show that the person is qualified for a particular job or activity:
I got my teaching credentials from San Jose State.
abilities and experience that make someone suitable for a particular job or activity:
business/educational/professional credentials
He is keen for people to know his business credentials.
Press credentials will be required to attend Wednesday's news conference.
Before giving you the job, they will check your credentials.
excellent/impeccable/impressive credentials
She possesses impressive credentials and practical experience in both state and federal court.
72
Outrider
/ˈaʊtˌraɪ.dɚ/
a person, especially a police officer, who rides on a motorcycle next to or in front of an official vehicle
73
Practicality
quality of being suitable for a particular occasion or use:
I bought these shoes for their practicality, not their appearance.
approving the quality of being able to provide effective solutions to problems:
Jonathan has demonstrated enormous practicality in his successful management of the store.
the possibility of being put into practice:
Your suggestion is appealing in theory, but it lacks practicality.
[ plural ]
the conditions that result from an idea becoming a real situation:
The practicalities of having two young children and working full time meant we had to employ a nanny.
It sounds like a good idea, but you should consider the practicalities before you put it into action.
74
Retrospective
/ˌret.rəˈspek.tɪv/
a show of the work an artist has done in their life so far:
a Hockney retrospective/a retrospective of Hockney's work
relating to or thinking about the past:
a retrospective album of solo Freddie Mercury tracks
He was the subject of a retrospective exhibit.
75
Chagrin
/ˈʃæɡ.rɪn/ formal
disappointment or anger, especially when caused by a failure or mistake:
My children have never shown an interest in music, much to my chagrin.
She was chagrined to discover her mistake.
76
Surefire
/ˈʃʊr.faɪr/ informal
certain or likely, especially to succeed:
The film looks a surefire Oscar winner.
Running into the street like that is a surefire way to get hurt.
77
magisterial
/ˌmædʒ.əˈstɪr.i.əl/ formal
having or seeming to have complete authority:
his magisterial presence
Jenkins's magisterial biography of Gladstone
78
Figurehead
/ˈfɪɡ·jərˌhed/
someone who has the position of a leader but who has no real power:
The company chairman is basically a figurehead.
79
Juncture
/ˈdʒʌŋk.tʃɚ/ formal
a particular point in time:
At this juncture, it is impossible to say whether she will make a full recovery.
a particular point in time or stage in a series of events:
Negotiations are at a critical juncture.
80
Interjection
/ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈdʒek.ʃən/ formal
[ C or U ] an occasion when someone interrupts someone else, or the interruptions themselves:
Her controversial speech was punctuated with noisy interjections from the audience.
81
Summation
/ˌsəmˈeɪ.ʃən/
formal a short, clear description that gives the main facts or ideas about something:
He offered his own concise summation of the problem.
formal something that represents a complete account or impression of what someone or something is like:
The scene where the two characters dance is the perfect summation of the love and desire between them.
us specialized law a speech made by a judge or lawyer to the jury towards the end of a trial, telling them again about the main matters they should consider in the case:
the prosecutor's final summation
82
Discernable
/dɪˈsɝː.nə.bəl/ formal
able to be seen or understood:
The influence of Rodin is discernible in the younger artist.
There is no discernible reason why this should be the case.
83
Presumably
/prɪˈzuː.mə.bli/
B2 used to say what you think is the likely situation:
They can presumably afford to buy a bigger apartment.
Presumably he just forgot to send the letter.
84
Soliloquy
/səˈlɪl.ə.kwi/ plural soliloquies specialized
a speech in a play that the character speaks to himself or herself or to the people watching rather than to the other characters:
Hamlet's soliloquy starts "To be or not to be".
85
Andante
/ɑːnˈdɑːn.teɪ/ specialized
a piece of music that should be played quite slowly:
Andante in A minor
(played) quite slowly:
the andante movement
The second movement of the symphony should be played andante.
86
Allegro
/əˈleɡ.roʊ/ specialized
(played) in a fast and energetic way:
the allegro movement
87
Surefire
/ˈʃʊr.faɪr/ informal
certain or likely, especially to succeed:
The film looks a surefire Oscar winner.
Running into the street like that is a surefire way to get hurt.
88
magisterial
/ˌmædʒ.əˈstɪr.i.əl/ formal
having or seeming to have complete authority:
his magisterial presence
Jenkins's magisterial biography of Gladstone
89
Figurehead
/ˈfɪɡ·jərˌhed/
someone who has the position of a leader but who has no real power:
The company chairman is basically a figurehead.
90
Juncture
/ˈdʒʌŋk.tʃɚ/ formal
a particular point in time:
At this juncture, it is impossible to say whether she will make a full recovery.
a particular point in time or stage in a series of events:
Negotiations are at a critical juncture.
91
Interjection
/ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈdʒek.ʃən/ formal
[ C or U ] an occasion when someone interrupts someone else, or the interruptions themselves:
Her controversial speech was punctuated with noisy interjections from the audience.
92
Summation
/ˌsəmˈeɪ.ʃən/
formal a short, clear description that gives the main facts or ideas about something:
He offered his own concise summation of the problem.
formal something that represents a complete account or impression of what someone or something is like:
The scene where the two characters dance is the perfect summation of the love and desire between them.
us specialized law a speech made by a judge or lawyer to the jury towards the end of a trial, telling them again about the main matters they should consider in the case:
the prosecutor's final summation
93
Discernable
/dɪˈsɝː.nə.bəl/ formal
able to be seen or understood:
The influence of Rodin is discernible in the younger artist.
There is no discernible reason why this should be the case.
94
Presumably
/prɪˈzuː.mə.bli/
B2 used to say what you think is the likely situation:
They can presumably afford to buy a bigger apartment.
Presumably he just forgot to send the letter.
95
Fervently
/ˈfɝː.vənt.li/ formal
in a way that shows that your beliefs are strong and sincerely felt:
The nationalists believe fervently in independence for their country.
They wanted to change the political order that they so fervently opposed.
a fervent supporter of the communist party
It is his fervent hope that a peaceful solution will soon be found.
96
Impassioned
Expressed with strong feeling
She went on television to make an impassioned plea for the release of her child.
Relatives of the dead made an impassioned plea for the bodies to be flown back to this country.
97
Troubadour
/ˈtruː.bə.dɔːr/
a male poet and singer who travelled around southern France and northern Italy between the 11th and 13th centuries entertaining rich people
98
Minstrel
/ˈmɪn.strəl/
a travelling musician and singer common between the 11th and 15th centuries:
a wandering minstrel
99
Staffer
/ˈstæf.ɚ/ mainly us
an employee, often of a political organization:
White House staffers briefed reporters before the president arrived.
100
Soliloquy
/səˈlɪl.ə.kwi/ plural soliloquies specialized
a speech in a play that the character speaks to himself or herself or to the people watching rather than to the other characters:
Hamlet's soliloquy starts "To be or not to be".
101
Retinue
/ˈret.ɪ.njuː/ US /ˈret̬.ən.uː/
a group of people who travel with an important person to help them:
The president travels with a large retinue of aides and bodyguards.
Entourage /ˌɑːn.tuːˈrɑːʒ/
The star arrived in London with her usual entourage of dancers and backing singers.
102
Quieten
/ˈkwaɪə.t̬ən/ uk us quiet
to (cause someone to) become calmer or less noisy:
The barking dogs quietened (down) when they recognized me.
103
Hush
/hʌʃ/
a sudden, calm silence:
There was a deathly hush after she made the announcement.
A hush fell over the room.
mainly uk informal
Let's have some hush, please! (= Be quiet, please!)
used to tell someone to be quiet:
Hush! You'll wake the baby!
104
Skinflint
/ˈskɪn.flɪnt/ informal disapproving
Miser Scrooge
a person who is unwilling to spend money:
He's a real skinflint.
105
Ignominy
/ˈɪɡ.nə.mɪ.ni/ literary
disgrace
public embarrassment:
The incumbent party experienced the ignominy of total defeat in the last election.
106
Accompaniment
/əˈkʌm.pən.ɪ.mənt/
music that is played with someone who is singing or playing the main tune:
a song with piano accompaniment
humorous We worked to the accompaniment of (= while hearing the sound of) Mr French's drill.
something that you eat or drink with something else:
A dry champagne makes the ideal accompaniment for/to this dish.
107
Earmark
/ˈɪər·mɑrk/
to intend something for a particular purpose:
Ten thousand dollars of this year’s budget is earmarked for the renovation of the building.
Five billion dollars of this year's budget is already earmarked for hospital improvements.
108
Osteoporosis
/ˌɑː.sti.oʊ.pəˈroʊ.sɪs/
a disease that causes the bones to become weaker and easily broken:
Osteoporosis afflicts many older women.
109
Geriatric
```
/ˌdʒer.iˈæt.rɪk/
for or relating to old people:
a geriatric hospital/ward/nurse
uk informal disapproving old and weak:
Who's going to elect a geriatric President?
```
an old person:
a clinic for the care of geriatrics
informal disapproving someone who is old and weak:
They were a bunch of hopeless geriatrics.
110
Geriatrics
/ˌdʒer·iˈæ·trɪks/
the area of study in medicine that deals with the care and treatment of old people and the diseases of old age
111
Senescent
/sɪˈnes.ənt/ specialized
becoming old, and therefore in less good condition and less able to function well:
When the cell can't divide any more, it becomes senescent, or terminally old.
Disease is favoured by wet and damp conditions and is found most commonly on mature or senescent leaves.
112
Senescence
/sɪˈnes.əns/ specialized
the fact of becoming older, and therefore being in less good condition and less able to function well:
Senescence refers to gradual deterioration with age and in animals is typically very obvious under zoo conditions.
113
Resurgent
/rɪˈsɝː.dʒənt/ formal
increasing again, or becoming popular again:
resurgent inflation
Many people were critical of the resurgent militarism in the country.
Revival upsurge upturn
The creation of independent states has led to a resurgence of nationalism.
resurgence in demand/popularity/interest
114
Jab
/dʒæb/
a quick hard push or hit:
She gave me a sharp jab in the ribs with her elbow to stop me from saying any more.
The boxer was floored by a punishing left jab.
uk informal an injection :
a flu jab
You'll need some jabs if you're going to Egypt.
to push or hit something forcefully and quickly, often with a thin or sharp object:
The doctor jabbed the needle into the dog's leg.
Watch out! You nearly jabbed me in the eye with your umbrella!
115
Neonatal
/ˌniː.oʊˈneɪ.t̬əl/
of or for babies that were born recently:
Their baby is still in the hospital's neonatal unit.
a nurse specializing in neonatal care
116
Whiff
a slight smell, carried on a current of air:
He leaned towards me and I caught/got a whiff of garlic.
During the first few months of pregnancy the slightest whiff of food cooking made my stomach turn.
a whiff of sth
a slight sign of something:
They regularly hold elections without a whiff of corruption or violence.
117
Subliminal
/ˌsʌbˈlɪm.ən.əl/
not recognized or understood by the conscious mind, but still having an influence on it:
The leader was interviewed in front of a factory to give the subliminal message that he was a man of the people.
Subliminal advertising tries to influence people without them being aware of it, for example by showing messages for such a short time that people read them without realizing that they have done so.
118
Infuse
to fill someone or something with an emotion or quality:
The pulling down of the Berlin Wall infused the world with optimism.
The arrival of a group of friends on Saturday infused new life into the weekend.
119
Ploy
/plɔɪ/
something that is done or said in order to get an advantage, often dishonestly:
There are various ploys we can use if necessary.
[ + to infinitive ] He only said he had a meeting as a ploy to get her to leave.
a marketing ploy
120
Ambient
/ˈæm.bi.ənt/ specialized
(especially of environmental conditions) existing in the surrounding area:
ambient conditions/lighting/noise/temperature
121
Ambience
/ˌɑːm.biˈɑːns/
the character of a place or the quality it seems to have:
Despite being a busy city, Dublin has the ambience of a country town.
The city’s ambience, particularly on the waterfront, is changing quickly.
122
Ambrosia
```
/æmˈbroʊ.ʒə/ literary
the food eaten by Greek and Roman gods
a very pleasant food:
The chocolate mousse she makes is sheer ambrosia (= tastes extremely good).
```
Her jam was ambrosial, syrupy with honeyed fruit, and scented with elderflower.
The shop was full of ambrosial smells.
123
Jam packed
/ˌdʒæmˈpækt/
full of people or things that are pushed closely together:
The streets were jam-packed with tourists.
124
Lull
/lʌl/
to cause someone to feel calm or to feel that they want to sleep:
The motion of the car almost lulled her to sleep.
a short period of calm in which little happens:
There has been a lull in the fighting.
a lull in the conversation/traffic
125
Ajar
/əˈdʒɑːr/
If a door is ajar, it is slightly open:
We left the door ajar so that we could hear what they were saying.
126
Refurbish
Renovate
/ˌriːˈfɝː.bɪʃ/ formal
to make a building look new again by doing work such as painting, repairing, and cleaning:
The developers refurbished the house inside and out.
The museum has undergone a £15 million refurbishment.
127
Rickety
/ˈrɪk.ə.t̬i/
in bad condition and therefore weak and likely to break:
Careful! That chair's a bit rickety.
She slowly climbed the rickety wooden steps.
figurative The recession put a lot of strain on an already rickety economic system.
128
Catacomb
/ˈkæt̬.ə.kuːm/
a series of underground passages and rooms where bodies were buried in the past:
They went down into catacombs beneath the church.
129
Jaunty
/ˈdʒɑːn.t̬i/
showing that you are happy and confident:
a jaunty grin/step
When he came back his hat was at a jaunty angle and he was smiling.
He scampered jauntily down the stairs.
130
Scamper
Scurry
/ˈskæm.pɚ/
When small children and animals scamper, they run with small quick steps:
The children scampered off into the garden.
The kitten scampered around the kitchen, chasing a ball.
131
Skitter
/ˈskɪt̬.ɚ/
(especially of a small animal, bird, or insect) to move very quickly and lightly:
When I lifted the log, there were lots of beetles skittering about/around under it.
132
Scuttle
to move quickly, with small, short steps, especially in order to escape:
A crab scuttled away under a rock as we passed.
The children scuttled off as soon as the headteacher appeared.
133
Cavernous
/ˈkæv.ɚn.əs/
If something is cavernous, there is a very large open space inside it:
a cavernous 4,000-seat theatre
134
Tangy
```
/ˈtæŋ.i/
Tart
A tangy flavour is pleasantly strong and sharp:
a deliciously tangy lemon tart
```
135
Retrograde
ˈret.rə.ɡreɪd/ formal
returning to older and worse conditions, methods, ideas, etc.:
He said it would be a retrograde step to remove single parent benefits.
136
Repression
/rɪˈpreʃ.ən/
the use of force or violence to control a group of people:
The political repression in this country is enforced by terror.
the process and effect of keeping particular thoughts and wishes out of your conscious mind in order to defend or protect it:
an attitude of unhealthy sexual repression
137
Tear-streaked
also tear-stained mainly us
wet with tears:
her tear-streaked face/cheeks
She dabbed her tear-stained face.
tear-stained letters
138
Induce
to persuade someone to do something:
They induced her to take the job by promising editorial freedom.
Nothing could induce me (= I definitely cannot be persuaded) to climb a mountain/ride a bike.
to cause something to happen:
Pills for seasickness often induce drowsiness.
[ T ] to use a drug to make a pregnant woman start giving birth:
In this hospital, twins are often induced.
If you want me to stay, you’re going to have to offer me some inducement.
139
Chasm
a very deep, narrow opening in rock, ice, or the ground:
They leaned over the rails and peered down into the dizzying chasm below.
formal a very large difference between two opinions or groups of people:
There is still a vast economic chasm between developed and developing countries.
140
Stratified
```
/ˈstræt̬·əˌfɑɪd/
arranged in separate layers:
stratified rock
a stratified society
```
/ˈstræt̬.ə.faɪ/
to arrange the different parts of something in separate layers or groups:
The sample of people questioned was drawn from the university's student register and stratified by age and gender.
141
Remnant
```
/ˈrem.nənt/
a small piece or amount of something that is left from a larger original piece or amount:
the remnants of last night's meal
remnants of the city's former glory
a carpet remnant
```
142
Riparian
/raɪˈper.i.ən/
at the edge of a river, or relating to this area:
Road vehicles have marked paths along the banks of the creek, damaging the riparian area.
143
Vantage point
a place, especially a high place, that provides a good, clear view of an area:
From our lofty vantage point, we could see the city spread out below us.
[ C usually singular ] formal a particular personal way of thinking or set of opinions:
The documentary contains a first-hand description of political life in Havana from the vantage point of a senior bureaucrat.
I asked him how, from his vantage point, the media have changed over the years.
144
Intrepid
/ɪnˈtrep.ɪd/
extremely brave and showing no fear of dangerous situations:
a team of intrepid explorers
145
Cantilever
/ˈkæn.t̬ə.liː.vɚ/ specialized
a long bar that is fixed at only one end to a vertical support and is used to hold a structure such as an arch, bridge, or shelf in position:
a cantilever bridge
146
Sapid
Having a strong, pleasant taste.
‘sapid nut bread’
‘the aromatic stew was just as sapid as it smelled’
(of talk or writing) pleasant or interesting.
‘We had all the preconditions for a long and sapid conversation.’
147
Sapient
/ˈseɪ.pi.ənt/ formal
intelligent; able to think:
She is sapient, conscious, able to hold an intelligent discussion.
wise:
his failure to heed my sapient advice
the sapient king
relating to the human species Homo sapiens:
We may inherit a universal linguistic blueprint from our sapient ancestors of 40,000 years ago.
148
Devious
```
/ˈdi·vi·əs/
using indirect ways to get what you want, esp. without showing your real purpose:
devious methods
Devious also means indirect:
They went by a devious route.
```
149
Lurch
/lɝːtʃ/
[ I ] to move in a way that is not regular or normal, especially making sudden movements backwards or forwards or from side to side:
The train lurched forward and some of the people standing fell over.
[ I + adv/prep ] to act or continue in away that is uncontrolled and not regular, often with sudden changes:
We seem to lurch from crisis to crisis.
She just lurches from one bad relationship to another.
150
Hoodwink
/ˈhʊd.wɪŋk/
to deceive or trick someone:
He hoodwinked us into agreeing.
Dupe
to deceive someone, usually by making that person do something that they did not intend to do:
The girls were duped by drug smugglers into carrying heroin for them.
151
Focal
/ˈfoʊ.kəl/ uk
central and important:
The focal figure of the movie is Annette Corley, a dancer who has boyfriend troubles.
152
Vigilant
/ˈvɪdʒ·ə·lənt/
being very careful to notice things, esp. signs of danger:
Security personnel need to be more vigilant in checking bags and packages.
Following the bomb scare at the airport, the staff have been warned to be extra vigilant.
The vigilance of a mother fox protects her young from danger.
153
Unprecedented
/ʌnˈpres.ə.den.t̬ɪd/
C2 never having happened or existed in the past:
This century has witnessed environmental destruction on an unprecedented scale.
We’ve entered an age of unprecedented prosperity.
154
Debacle
/dɪˈbɑː.kəl/
fiasco
a complete failure, especially because of bad planning and organization:
The collapse of the company was described as the greatest financial debacle in US history.
The candidate’s behavior during the debate turned what could have been a victory into a political debacle.
The entire political campaign was a fiasco, and at the end he drew only 30% of the votes.
155
Efficacy
/ˈef.ə.kə.si/ formal
effectiveness
the ability, especially of a medicine or a method of achieving something, to produce the intended result:
They recently ran a series of tests to measure the efficacy of the drug.
The drug's efficacy has been questioned by consumer advocates.
156
Backfire
(of a plan) to have the opposite result from the one you intended:
Some hotel owners worry that the idea of attracting more visitors may backfire and make the place less attractive.
157
Stagnant
(of liquids or air) not flowing or moving, and often smelling unpleasant:
Hot, stagnant air filled the subway.
not growing or developing:
Jobs become scarce in a stagnant economy.
158
Incarcerate
/ɪnˈkɑːr.sə.reɪt/
formal to put or keep someone in prison or in a place used as a prison:
Thousands of dissidents have been interrogated or incarcerated.
to keep someone in a closed place and prevent them from leaving it:
We were incarcerated in that broken elevator for four hours.
We’re spending billions of dollars each year on incarceration.
159
Dissident
/ˈdɪs.ə.dənt/
dissenter
a person who publicly disagrees with and criticizes their government:
political dissidents
a dissident group/writer
160
Dissent
/dɪˈsent/ formal
strong difference of opinion; disagreement esp. about official decisions:
There was very little room for dissent or different points of view.
to disagree with other people about something:
Anyone wishing to dissent from the motion should now raise their hand.
/dɪˈsen.t̬ɪŋ/ formal
There was only one dissenting voice (= one person who disagreed).
161
Startlingly
/ˈstɑːr.t̬əlɪŋ.li/
in a way that is surprising and often slightly worrying:
High school dropout rates are startlingly high.
162
In lieu of
/ljuː/ /luː/ formal
in lieu (of)
instead (of):
He worked on Sunday and took Monday off in lieu.
They gave some books in lieu of payment for the work I did.
He was offered a cash bonus, or stock options in lieu.
until an amount of money is paid to prove that a person charged with a crime will not try to leave the country:
in lieu of bail/bond He is being held in the City Jail in lieu of $500,000 bond.
163
Ogle
/ˈoʊ.ɡəl/
to look at someone with obvious sexual interest:
I saw you ogling the woman in the red dress!
164
Notoriety
/ˌnoʊ.t̬əˈraɪ.ə.t̬i/
the state of being famous for something bad:
He achieved/gained notoriety for being difficult to work with as an actor.
165
Palpitation
/ˌpæl.pəˈteɪ.ʃən/
the feeling that your heart is beating too quickly or not regularly:
He ended up in hospital with heart palpitations.
have palpitations humorous
to be very shocked:
My mother will have palpitations when she sees my new boyfriend.
166
Palpitate
/ˈpæl.pə.teɪt/
(of the heart) to beat very fast and in a way that is not regular:
My heart was palpitating with fear.
167
Debunk
/diˈbʌŋk/
to show that something is not true:
Every week some long-held medical theory is debunked.
168
Breakdown
a division of something into smaller parts:
We asked for a breakdown of the accident figures into day time and night time.
The rate of breakdown of muscle protein was assessed.
169
Revamp
/ˌriːˈvæmp/ informal
to change or arrange something again, in order to improve it:
We revamped the management system, but the business is doing no better than it was before.
The company has spent $5 million on a major revamp of its offices.
170
Derail
to prevent a plan or process from succeeding:
| Renewed fighting threatens to derail the peace talks.
171
Forgo
/fɔːrˈɡoʊ/ formal
forego forfeit
to not have or do something enjoyable:
I shall have to forgo the pleasure of seeing you this week.
She decided to forgo flowers at the funeral and asked people to send money to a charity instead.
172
Forfeit
/ˈfɔːr.fɪt/
to lose the right to do or have something because you have broken a rule:
If you cancel now, you forfeit your deposit.
These people have forfeited the right to live in society.
173
Envoy
/ˈen.vɔɪ/
emissary
someone who is sent as a representative from one government or organization to another:
a United Nations special envoy
174
Emissary
/ˈem.ɪ.ser.i/ formal
a person sent by one government or political leader to another to take messages or to take part in discussions:
He flew to China as the personal emissary of the President.
175
Spat
informal a short argument, usually about something that is not important:
She was having a spat with her brother about who should do the washing up.
176
Permeate
/ˈpɝː.mi.eɪt/ formal
to spread through something and be present in every part of it:
Dissatisfaction with the government seems to have permeated every section of society.
A foul smell of stale beer permeated the whole building.
177
De facto
/ˌdeɪ ˈfæk.toʊ/ formal
existing in fact, although perhaps not intended, legal, or accepted:
The city is rapidly becoming the de facto centre of the financial world.
He's her de facto husband though they're not actually married.
English is de facto the common language of much of the world today.
If it is on British soil then it is de facto British.
178
De jure
/ˌdiː ˈdʒʊr.i/ /ˌdeɪ ˈdʒʊr.i/ formal
having a right or existence as stated by law:
The country has de facto independence now, and it will soon be recognized de jure by the world's governments.
The president aims to create a de jure one-party state.
179
Expropriate
/ɪkˈsproʊ.pri.eɪt/ formal
to take away money or property especially for public use without payment to the owner, or for personal use illegally:
He was discovered to have been expropriating company funds.
Farmers have been given the right to sue to protect their land against expropriation.
Land expropriation การเวนคืนที่ดิน
180
Melange
/meɪˈlɑ̃ːʒ/ formal
a mixture, or a group of different things or people:
Her book presents an interesting mélange of ideas.
The dessert was described as "a mélange of summer fruits in a light syrup".
181
Deleterious
/ˌdel.ɪˈtɪr.i.əs/ formal
harmful:
These drugs have a proven deleterious effect on the nervous system.
182
Injurious
/ɪnˈdʒʊr.i.əs/ formal
harmful:
Too much alcohol is injurious to your health.
183
Myriad
```
/ˈmɪr.i.əd/ literary
a very large number of something:
a myriad of choices
And now myriads of bars and hotels are opening up along the coast.
```
They offered no solution for all our myriad problems.
There are myriad ways in which global warming can imperil the environment.
184
Teem
to rain heavily:
It's been teeming down all day.
It's teeming with rain.
to contain large numbers of something, esp. animals or humans:
a river teeming with trout
Belmont Avenue teems with activity on a typical weekday.
The mall was teeming with shoppers that Saturday.
185
Obliterate
to remove all signs of something; destroy:
The hurricane virtually obliterated this small coastal town.
All of a sudden the view was obliterated by the fog.
[ T ] to make an idea or feeling disappear completely:
Maybe she gets drunk to obliterate painful memories.
186
Nascent
/ˈneɪ.sənt/ formal
only recently formed or started, but likely to grow larger quickly:
a nascent political party
a nascent problem
Everyone in this nascent business is still struggling with basic issues.
Opposite
dying
187
Al fresco
```
/ˌæl ˈfres.koʊ/
(especially of food and eating) outside:
an al fresco lunch on the patio
Most summer evenings we eat al fresco.
```
188
Dire
Disastrous
very serious or extreme:
These people are in dire need of help.
He gave a dire warning that an earthquake was imminent.
This decision will have dire consequences for local people.
189
Craven
/ˈkreɪ.vən/ formal
extremely cowardly (= not brave):
a craven act of terrorism
190
Akin
Similar
/əˈkɪn/
having some of the same qualities:
They speak a language akin to French.
191
Ajar
adjective [ after verb ] UK /əˈdʒɑːr/ US /əˈdʒɑːr/
If a door is ajar, it is slightly open:
We left the door ajar so that we could hear what they were saying.
192
Congenital
/kənˈdʒen.ə.t̬əl/
innate
specialized medical A congenital disease or condition exists at or from birth:
a congenital abnormality/disease
used to say that someone always shows a particular bad quality:
a congenital liar
193
Innate
An innate quality or ability is one that you were born with, not one you have learned:
Cyril's most impressive quality was his innate goodness.
(of a quality) which you are born with, or which is present naturally:
Her dance expresses the innate beauty of the human spirit.
194
Patent
the official legal right to make or sell an invention for a particular number of years:
In 1880 Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent on an apparatus for signalling and communicating called a Photophone.
The company took out/filed a patent on a genetically engineered tomato.
to get the official legal right to make or sell an invention:
If you don't patent your invention, other people may make all the profit out of it.
formal very obvious:
a patent lie
a patent disregard of the law
"No," he replied, with patent distaste.
A patent invention is protected by law so that only particular people or companies have the right to make or sell it:
a patent screwdriver
195
Ado
without further/more ado
without wasting more time:
And so, without further ado, let me introduce tonight's speaker.
delay or unnecessary activity:
The anxiety is much ado about nothing.
196
Demoralize
to weaken the confidence of someone:
The team was tired and thoroughly demoralized.
Losing several games in a row had completely demoralized the team.
197
Subpoena
/səˈpiː.nə/ specialized
a legal document ordering someone to appear in a law court:
Subpoenas were issued to several government employees.
to order someone to go to a law court to answer questions:
A friend of the victim was subpoenaed as a witness by lawyers representing the accused.
[ + to infinitive ] They were subpoenaed to testify before the judge.
198
Beget
old use to be the father of:
In the Bible it says that Adam begat Cain and Abel.
formal to cause:
Poverty begets hunger, and hunger begets crime.
199
Risible
/ˈrɪz.ə.bəl/ formal disapproving
laughable
so lacking in quality or usefulness that it deserves to be laughed at:
She's been making risible attempts to learn the trumpet.
the quality of being so bad or lacking in quality or usefulness that it deserves to be laughed at:
Her leadership descended into risibility.
This gives you an idea of the risibility of some of their excuses.
200
Suture
a stitch used to sew up a cut in a person's body
/ˈsuː.tʃɚ/ specialized
to sew together a cut in a person's body
201
Tad
```
mainly uk informal
a tad
a little, slightly:
The fish was OK, but the chips were a tad greasy.
```
a shade
slightly:
Don't you think those trousers are a shade too tight?
The journey took us a shade over/under three hours.
Our new car cost us a shade more/less than we were expecting it to.
202
Multifaceted
/ˌmʌl.tiˈfæs.ɪ.t̬ɪd/
having many different parts or sides:
It's a multifaceted business, offering a range of services.
203
Concoct
/kənˈkɑkt/
to invent a story or excuse, esp. to deceive others:
He concocted the story because he did not want to do his chores.
To concoct is also to make something new from different things:
He concocted a tasty stew from the leftovers.
204
Repentance
/rɪˈpen.təns/
the fact of showing that you are very sorry for something bad you have done in the past, and wish that you had not done it:
This was an extremely violent crime, for which the boy showed no repentance.
Her passionate repentance for her sins is real.
