REVIEW BIO 201 CH2 Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
hole on the temporal bone by the ear
A
mandibular fossa
2
Q
olfactory nerves pass through the foramina in the ———- ———- of the ———-.
A
cribiform plate, ethmoid
3
Q
the site at which the first pair of ribs and clavicles articulate with the sternum
A
manubrium
4
Q
the mandibular condyle and the ———- ——— articulate with each other to form the ——————— joint.
A
mandibular fossa, tempomandibular joint
5
Q
a muscle attachment site that allows for movement of the mandible
A
coronoid process
6
Q
a bony structure that serves to anchor the abdominal muscles
A
xiphoid process
7
Q
the only bone that does not articulate with any other bones
A
hyoid
8
Q
the site at which the first pair of ribs and clavicles articulate with the sternum
A
manubrium
9
Q
the bone through which the optic nerve passes to reach the skull
A
sphenoid
10
Q
the long space in the vertebral column through which the entire spinal cord passes is the
A
vertebral canal
11
Q
the hole in the skull through which the brain stem passes leading to the spinal cord
A
foramen magnum
12
Q
there are how many true ribs
A
7 1-7
13
Q
there are how many false ribs in the body
A
5 8-12
14
Q
the site at which the first cervical vertebra articulates with the skull
A
occipital condyles
15
Q
which structure helps to hold the brain in place within the cranial cavity?
A
crista galli
16
Q
the matrix component in bone which gives it weight-bearing strength is inorganic while the component that gives it resilience and flexibility is organic
A
17
Q
the wide ends of the long bones are called ————— and contain red marrow while the long shaft is called the ————– and contains yellow marrow.
A
epiphyses, diaphysis
18
Q
the cells that produce mineralized bone matrix, but are not yet surrounded by this matrix, are
A
osteoblasts
19
Q
long bone formation
A
begins with a cartilaginous model
20
Q
the surface of a bone is covered in a layer called
A
periosteum
21
Q
what is not found in the skeletal system?
A
cutaneous membrane
22
Q
bone cells that are formed by the merging of dozens of white blood cells are
A
osteoclasts
23
Q
spongy bone consists of interconnecting rods or plates of bone called
A
trabeculae
24
Q
first phase of bone repair
A
hematoma forms
25
second phase of bone repair
soft callus forms
26
third phase of bone repair
bony callus forms
27
final phase of bone repair
bone remodeling occurs
28
------------ hormone is secreted when blood calcium levels are low and ------------- osteoclasts while --------------- osteoblasts.
parathyroid, stimulates, inhibiting
29
explain how skeletal system provides leverage for movement
muscles constrict and contract for movement attached to bones. joints are the sites at which bones meet each other. many joints are moveable joints.
30
where is red marrow located and what is its function?
red bone marrow is found within the spongy bone trabeculae. the function of red bone marrow is to produce red and white blood cells and platelets
31
flat bone forms by
intramembranous ossification
32
true statements about red marrow
can be found in flat bones, located in spongy bone cavities, site of hematopoiesis, filled with hemocytoblasts
33
the chief structural unit of compact bone
osteon
34
periosteum
covers the bones outer layer
35
yellow marrow
is located in the medullary cavity of long bones, is composed of lipids
36
flat bones have an internal and external surface layer of ------------- bone with a middle layer of ------------ bone. the spaces in the middle layer are filled with ----- bone marrow.
compact, spongy, red
37
bone cells that actively divide
osteogenic cells
38
osteoclast activity is inhibited by
calcitonin
39
sequence of bone cell formation
osteogenic cell, osteoblast, osteocyte
40
the cells that are surrounded by bony calcified matrix are
osteocytes
41
weight bearing exercise will ------------- bone size and strength because it makes the bone more ----------
increase, dense
42
nutrients are transported within bone from one osteocyte to another through ------------ on cell membranes that are located where two osteocytes touch each other inside small bony tunnels called -------------
gap junctions, caniculi
43
which ions are found in the mineral component of bony tissue?
phosphate, calcium, bicarbonate
44
---------- is caused by lack of vitamin D and results in soft malformed bones such as bowed legs
rickets
45
carpal bones are ----------- shape
irregular
46
basic structure unit of compact bone
osteon
47
structure that surrounds an osteocyte
lacuna
48
structure that helps lubricate joints
articular cartilage
49
structure that contains arteries in bone
central canal
50
the passageway through which tears from the eye drain into the nasal cavity
nasolacrimal canal
51
a passageway that guides sound waves to the tympanic membrane
external auditory meatus
52
not part of the brain case?
zygomatic
53
the site at which the first pair of ribs and clavicles articulate wtih the sternum
manubrium
54
long bones
spongy bone covered with compact bone
55
enlarged end of long bone
epiphysis
56
shaft of long bone
diaphysis
57
joint surface is covered by
articular cartilage
58
bones are made up of:
bone tissue, bone marrow, cartilage and periosteum
59
hole in the skull through which the brain stem passes leading to the spinal cord
foramen magnum
60
maintains homeostasis from within lacuna
osteocytes
61
mineralizes bone
osteoblasts
62
bone reabsorption
osteoclasts
63
divides to form osteoblasts
osteocytes
64
compact bone is known as
osteon, basic structural unit of bone
65
the central canal of bone is surrounded by lamellae layers of bone around a blood vessel
66
bone marrow is soft tissue that occupies the
medullary cavity of long bone or spaces between the trabeculae of spongy bone
67
inorganic matter of bones
mineerals like hydroxyapetate and calcium carbonate
68
organic matter of bone
collagen, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins
69
crystallization process in which ions are removed from blood plasma and deposited into
bone tissue
70
collagen fibers that are along the length of the osteon become encrusted with minerals by work of the
osteoblasts
71
mineral reabsorption is
Process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into the blood
72
mineral reabsorption is
performed by osteoclasts at ruffled border
73
------------------ is needed for communication between neurons, muscle contraction, blood clotting and exocytosis
calcium
74
hypocalcemia is deficiency of blood calcium and causes
excitability of nervous system → muscle spasms or seizures
75
hypercalcemia is too much calcium in blood
depression of nervous system → coma or death
76
Calcitriol, PTH and calcitonin maintain normal blood calcium concentration
77
stimulates intestine to absorb calcium, phosphate and magnesium
weakly promotes urinary reabsorption of calcium ions
promotes osteoclast activity to raise blood calcium concentration to the level needed for bone deposition
calcitriol
78
calcitonin
Secreted by C cells of the thyroid gland
Released when calcium concentration too high
Functions
reduces osteoclast activity by as much as 70% in 15 minutes
increases the number and activity of osteoblasts
79
parathyroid
Secreted by the parathyroid glands
Released when calcium blood level is too low
Functions
stimulates osteoclasts multiplication and activity
promotes calcium resorption by the kidneys
promotes calcitriol synthesis in the kidneys
inhibits collagen synthesis and bone deposition by osteoblast
80
Intramembranous Ossification
Produces flat bones of skull and clavicle
81
Endochondral Ossification
produces long bones
82
zone of resting
cartilage attaches to epiphysis
83
zone of proliferation
new cartilage produced on epiphyseal side chondrocytes divide
84
zone of hypertrophy
chondrocytes grow and enlarge
85
zone of calcification
matrix is calcified, chondrocytes die
86
ossified bone
cartilage on the diaphysial side is replaced by bone
87
stress fracture
is a break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone
88
pathological fracture
is a break in a bone weakened by some other disease
89
bone takes how long to heal
8-12 weeks
90
osteoclasts
Osteoclasts release minerals (calcium, phosphate, magnesium) from bone
91
mineral reabsorption
Process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into the blood
92
calcitonin
Activate osteoblasts, Deactivate osteoclasts, Triggers mineralization
93
parathyroid hormone
Cause the kidneys to retain calcium (so the calcium does not exit the body in urine), Causes the body to make more vitamin D (calcitriol), Triggers mineral resorption
94
part of the bone responsible for growth of the bone during puberty
epiphyseal plate
95
on a mature bone the epiphysis is covered by
articular cartilage
96
flat bones have an internal and external surface layer of compact bone with a middle layer of -------- bone
spongy
97
spaces in the middle layer of bone are filled with --- bone marrow
red
98
the ECM of bone tissue is composed of organic and inorganic materials. the organic component is mostly -------- which functions to provide ----- to the bony tissue while the inorganic compounds are mostly ------ which function to provide -------- to the bone.
collagen fibers, flexibility, calcium phosphate minerals, rigidity
99
which of the bone cells actively divide?
osteogenic cells
100
ions found in mineral component of bony tissue
phosphate, bicarbonate, calcium
101
cells completely surrounded by bony matrix
osteocytes
102
osteoclast activity is inhibited by
calcitonin
103
secretion of PTH will cause
increased activity of osteoclasts
104
---------- causes the increase of calcium absorption in the kidneys while the hormone PTH increases calcium release from bony tissue by increasing activity of osteoclasts
calcitriol
105
intramembranous bone formation
gives rise to flat bones of the skull
106
correct number of each type of vertebra in the vertebral columb
breakfast lunch dinner, 7 cervical, 12 lumbar, 5 lumbar
107
caslcium uses
calcium is used for blood clotting, muscular and nervous tissue communication
108
phosphorous uses
used to make phospholipids and nucleotides
109
bicarbonate uses
helps control pH of blood
110
calcitroil uses
used to stimulate absorption of calcium from diet at the small intestines, increasing blood calcium levels
111
PTH uses
increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts and inhibiting osteoclasts
112
calcitonin uses
decrease blood calcium by stimulating osteoblasts and inhibiting osteoclasts
113
osteogenic cells are stimulated and migrate to areas where new bony tissue is needed and become osteoblasts, which makes new bony tissue, especially hydroxyapetite
calcium and phosphate are removed from the blood and stored in the bone
114
osteoclasts are WBC that secrete an acid to degrade the bony tissue and release the dissolved calcium
releases back into the blood
