Review BIO201 Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
this process functions to divide replicated chromosomes into two separate areas of a cell
A
mitosis
2
Q
part of the cell cycle: cell grows, does protein synthesis and prepares dna for replication
A
g1 phase
3
Q
part of the cell cycle: cell replicates all chromosomes
A
s phase
4
Q
part of the cell cycle: cell grows, replicates organelles and checks to make sure dna is replicated properly
A
g2 phase
5
Q
what is the longest phase of the cell cycle?
A
interphase
6
Q
protein synthesis: during protein synthesis, one gene is copied ______ to make a molecule called messenger RNA mrna.
A
inside the nucleus
7
Q
protein synthesis: the mrna travels ———– and meets up with a ribosome which constructs a protein based on the mrna’s code.
A
outside the nucleus
8
Q
protein synthesus: a newly formed protein is transported along a series of canals called the ————–.
A
endoplasmic reticulum
9
Q
protein synthesis: the protein from the endoplasmic reticulum will travel in a vesicle to the ————– which functions to package the protein and prepaire it for export through the ————–.
A
golgi body, cell membrane
10
Q
which of the following are reactants for cellular respiration: glucose, carbon dioxide, oxygen, water?
A
glucose, oxygen
11
Q
the primary purpose of cellular respiration is to:
A
harvest energy in food to make ATP
12
Q
a water molecule is —— on the hydrogen side
A
positive
13
Q
the unequal sharing of electrons in a water molecule is why water is described as a —— molecule
A
polar
14
Q
properties of water that make it essential to life:
A
high heat capacity, cohesion, adhesion, universal solvent
15
Q
building block of a protein
A
amino acids
16
Q
building block of a carb
A
monosaccharides
17
Q
building block of nucleic acids
A
nucleotides
18
Q
most carbs are slightly polar and are thus —————.
A
hydrophillic
19
Q
most lipids are nonpolar and are thus ———-.
A
hydrophobic
20
Q
the most abundant component found in internal and external cell membranes:
A
phospholipids
21
Q
a quick source of enery:
A
saccharides
22
Q
contains the genetic code for making proteins:
A
nucleic acids
23
Q
enzymes, membrane channels and hormones are made out of
A
proteins
24
Q
lipase is an ———— that does a type of reaction called ———–.
A
enzyme, hydrolysis
25
the substrates for lipase are ---------- and the products for lipase are ---------------.
lipids, monoglycerides and fatty acids
26
if stomach acids leaked into the small intestine without being neutralized, the lipase molecules in the intestine would likely ---------- and would no longer be functional.
denature
27
what makes up the majority of a cell membrane?
phospholipids
28
the plasma membrane is --------- as it only allows certain substances to pass through the plasma membrane.
selectively permeable
29
in general, lipid molecules diffuse:
directly through the phospholipid bilayer
30
which is NOT a membrane transport protein?
vesicles
31
the glycocalyx:
aids in cellular adhesion, protects the cell, is composed of carbs
32
a phospholipid is usually:
partially hydrophobic and partially hydrophillic
33
the sodium-potassium pump moves 3 ---------- out of the cell and 2 ----------- into the cell.
sodium, potassium
34
oxygen and carbon dioxide move across the cell membrane by the process of facilitated diffusion: T or F
FALSE, just simple diffusion
35
osmosis is the movement of a ---------- from a ---------- concentration of water to a ------------ concentration of water.
solvent, low, higher
36
osmosis is also defined as the movement of ---------- from a ------- concentration of a solute to a --------- concentration of a solute.
water, lower, higher
37
what do carbs do in the cell membrane?
recognize each other, adhere to each other
38
define simple diffusion
the movement of a solute from a high concentration of a solute across a cell membrane to a low concentration. oxygen, carbon dioxide, lipids and small molecules move by simple diffusion.
39
define hypertonic. what happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?
hypertonic is when a solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell. water moves out of the cell and it will shrivel/crenelate. due to diffusion.
40
what body system controls thermoregulation by sweating
integ
41
what body system does mineral storage
skeletal
42
what body system is responsible for blood cell production
skeletal
43
what body system is responsible for integration
nervous
44
what body system is responsible for contractions
muscular
45
what body system is responsible for vitamin d production
integ
46
the hand is -------- to the elbow
distal
47
the armpit is the ------- region of the body
axillary
48
skeletal muscles are ---------- to bone
superficial
49
define homeostasis
the dynamic state of equilibrium maintained by living organisms. maintained by neg feedback which means body will counteract a status to maintain equilibrium. blood pressure, thermo, glucose, calcium, etc.
50
nervous tissue contains electrical conduction cells called ---------- and support cells called ---------. support cells far outnumber the electrical conductors.
neurons, glia
51
a type of cell connection whose function is to prevent cells from coming apart is ---------.
desmosome
52
the extracellular matrix can be rubber-like, fluid-like, or stone-like in appearance: T or F
TRUE
53
a tissue that is a single layer of flat cells would be best suited for:
rapid diffusion of nutrients
54
a gland that secretes chemical messengers into the blood is an -----------------,
endocrine gland
55
tissues are groups of organs that work together to perform a function: T or F
F - a system is a group of organs that work together
56
which of the following does not characterize epithelial tissue?
has a large blood supply to individual cells
57
salivary glands are classified as -------------- glands because they secrete substances through ducts onto the surface.
exocrine
58
what is NOT a function of epithilium?
contraction
59
the conjunctiva is a tissue layer on the surface of the eye composed of multiple layers of tall, rectangular cells. these are described as ---------- --------- -------------. three words
stratified columnar epithelium
60
one membrane in the body is mucous. describe a function of it and where it is found.
mucous membranes secrete mucous that lubricates body openings like nose, mouth and genitourinary passages.
61
a secretion of the integ system that helps keep parts of it flexible and pliable
sebum
62
smooth muscles that produce goose bumps when they contract and are attached to hair follicles are called
piloerectors or arrector pilli
63
which of the following are components of the integumentary system?
sweat glands, hair, epidermis, dermis, fingernails
64
the layer of the epidermis called the ------------ appears spiky in appearance under the microscope due to the presence of cell to cell junctions called -----------.
stratum spinosa, desmosomes
65
brown to black pigment responsible for most skin color:
melanin
66
what is NOT a function of skin?
storage of water
67
which layer of skin is described as stratified squamous epithelium?
epidermis
68
the connection between keratinocytes that tightly holds the cells together are:
desmosomes
69
how does the integ system thermoregulate the body
via sweat glands, thermoreceptors, and constriction and dilation of cutaneous arteries. when blood vessels dialate they lose heat, when they constrict they conserve heat. when sweating, water is pushed to skin surface to help it cool down.
70
what body region has apocrine glands and what is their function?
these are a type of sweat gland that produces sweat containing fatty acids. these are located near hair follicles in the axogenital region and respond to stress and sexual arousal. these acids support body bacteria which leads to odor.
71
the oral cavity is ----------- to the lips
posterior
72
smallest to largest organization of the body:
chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, body
73
examples of negative feedback:
skin sweats due to increased heat, labor contractions, calcium released into blood if low blood calcium
74
if blood calcium is high after a meal, body will work to bring them back down. this is an example of ------------- by ----------------.
homeostasis, negative feedback
75
in which of the following examples would you be doing physiology rather than anatomy?
describing how an electrical impulse is created within a brain cell, explaining how a bone repairs itself after a fracture
76
the lungs are ------------- to the heart
lateral
77
a type of intercellular connection whose primary function is forming a barrier is a:
tight junction
78
which of the following does NOT characterize epithelial tissue?
has a large blood supply to individual cells
79
blood is classified as a ------------- tissue
connective
80
skeletal muscles are located ------ and are ------------, ----------------, and --------------.
on bones, voluntary striated and multinucleate
81
extracellular matrix is composed of:
proteins, carbohydrates, cells
82
the pinna is a part of the ear that funnels sounds into the external auditory meatus. the pinna is mostly composed of ----------------- cartilage.
elastic
83
characteristics of epithelial tissue
very little ECM, sheet-like in shape, found on surfaces, compose glands
84
nervous tissue contains electrical conduction cells called -------- and support cells called --------. the support cells far outnumber the electrical conductors.
neurons, neuroglia
85
a muscle tissue type that is involuntary, striated and is totally reliant on aerobic respiration:
cardiac
86
smooth muscles are located ------------ and are -------------- as well as non-striated and ------------.
in hollow organs, involuntary, mononucleate
87
epithelial tissue is the most abundant in the body T or F
FALSE- its connective tissue
88
an example of a gland that secretes chemical messengers into the blood are:
thyroid, endocrine
89
the lining of the esophagus is comprised of many layers of cells. the deep layers contain square shaped cells and the apical layers contain flat cells. based on this description, the lining of the esophagus can be described as:
stratified squamous epithelium
90
arterial walls can stretch in response to changes in blood pressure thanks to the presence of ---------- fibers. lymph nodes are held together by short branching fibers called --------------- fibers. ligaments and tendons contain a great deal of ---------------- fibers which cant sretch but are very flexible and strong.
elastic, reticular, collagen
91
a loose connective tissue that provides long term energy storage, thermoinsulation as well as protection of internal organs.
adipose
92
epithelial tissues have a basal surface exposed to the outside surface: T or F
FALSE basal is underneath
93
a tissue found on the surface of an organ and is composed of multiple layers of cells. the apical cells on the surface are flat while the cells in the basal layer are cube shaped. this tissue would be called:
stratified squamous epithelium- labelled by the top layer
94
functions of the skin:
barrier to pathogens, protection from dehydration, protection from UV, thermoregulation
95
the layer of the epidermis is called the ---------- and appears spiky under a microscope due to the presence of cell to cell junctions called -------------.
stratum spinosa, desmosomes
96
melanocytes are found in the -------- and function to produce -------------- to protect the body from ------------.
stratum basale, a pigment, UV light
97
what influences the color of the skin?
oxygen, melanin, diet, blood flow
98
which processes increases heat lost from the body?
dilation of dermal arteries, increased sweating
99
which of the following cells produce a pigment that functions to protect DNA from mutations?
melanocytes
100
if you slice a human hair, the surface is called the ----------. compact outer layer ------------, inner hollow layer --------------.
cuticle, cortex, medulla
101
brown/black pigment that functions to protect the body from UV rays
melanin
102
which are true of sebaceous glands
they make keratinocytes pliable, make hairs more pliable, located in the reticular layer, secrete oil
103
which is NOT part of the integument?
cartilage
104
the layer of the dermis that is deep to the epidermis and contains finger-like projections that provide nourishment for the cells of the epidermis
papillary layer
105
modified sebaceous glands that provide a waterproof and pest proof barrier in the external auditory meatus:
ceruminous glands
106
new keratinocytes are created in the ------- and each cell contains a -------- called keratin which functions to make each cell -------- and --------.
stratum basale, protein, tough and hard
107
what happens in the stratum granulosum layer of the epidermis?
keratinocytes secrete keratinohyaline, keratinocytes begin to die and become grainy
108
which layer of the skin can be called stratified squamous
epidermis only
109
what is NOT a function of the integ system
water storage
110
apocrine glands are --------- glands that are located ----------- and are active at the onset of ---------- and are -----------.
sweat, in the axillary and inguiinal regions of the skin, at the onset of puberty, odorous
111
what is true regarding skin?
the cutaneous membrane rests on a layer of connective tissue called the hypodermis
112
tissue type: large volume of ECM
connective
113
tissue type: contractile
muscular
114
tissue type: anchored to basement membrane
epithelial tissue
115
tissue type: composed of neurons and glia
nervous tissue
116
what body system creates white blood cells?
skeletal
117
body system that sends motor messages
nervous
118
system that makes vitamin D
integ
119
system that stores minerals
skeletal
120
system that makes blood
skeletal
121
dermis layer responsible for cell division and replacement
stratum basale
122
dermis layer that contains desmosomes to keep the keratinocytes from pulling apart
stratum spinosum
123
dermis layer that produces keratinohyaline and releases glycolipids
stratum granulosum
124
made up of many layers of dead cells that exfoliate constantly
stratum corneum
125
cell type that produces substance that protects dna from mutation
melanocyte
126
cell type that contracts
muscle fiber
127
cell type that processes information
neuron
128
the wrist is proximal to the -----------
fingers
129
characteristics shared by alll living things:
grow and develop, homeostasis, respond to environment, adapt, metabolism, movement
130
heart cells are able to send signals to each other through -------------- while connections called --------- prevent heart cells from pulling apart during contractions.
gap junctions, desmosomes
131
functions of connective tissue include binding, support, insulation and protection T or F
TRUE
132
groups of cells that work together to perform a function are---------- while ------------- are groups of tissues that work together.
tissues, organs
133
this type of connective tissue fiber is found in tendons and ligaments, is very strong and flexible and resistant to stretching
collagen
134
a type of intercellular connection whose primary function is forming a barrier is a
tight junction
135
endocrine does not contain ---- exocrine does contain --------
ducts
136
a rubbery material found in ECM of many body tissues which is composed of glycoproteins and proteoglycans is
ground substance
137
what organs contain cytogenic glands?
testes, ovaries
138
a type of cartilage characterized by parallel collagen fibers that are able to resist compression and absorb shock is
fibrocartilage
139
aterial walls can strecth due to
elastic
140
lymph nodes are held together by short branching fibers called
reticular
141
ligaments and tendons contain many of these fibers that cant stretch but are very strong
collagen
142
not a function of epithelium
contraction to expel urine
143
ECM can be rubber-like, fluid-like or stone-like
TRUE
144
secretions of integ that help keep parts pliable and flexible
sebum, cerumen
145
the layer of dermis responsible for providing nutrition t the deepest layers of the epidermis
papillary layer
146
subcutaneous layer:
also called hypodermis, provides thermoinsulation, allows for long term energy storage, composed of adipose tissue
147
the ----------- is also known as the subcutaneous layer and is located deep to the dermis
hypodermis
148
the connections between keratinocytes that tightly holds the cells together are
desmosomes
149
the skin is classified as a ---------- membrane and it contains a variety of different types of exocrine glands
cutaneous
150
what processes increase heat lost from the body?
dilation of dermal arteries, increased sweating
151
fingernails are a modification of the
epidermis
152
vitamin d production is done by which system
integ
153
sole of the foot
plantar region
154
cell type that contracts
muscle
155
cell type that protects against dna mutation
melanocyte
