REVIEW BIO201 CH4 Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
which muscles elevate the mandible
A
temporalis, masseter
2
Q
which muscles protract the scapula?
A
serratus anterior
3
Q
which muscles flex the arm?
A
pectoralis major, deltoid
4
Q
which muscles compress the abdomen
A
rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique
5
Q
actions of the serratus anterior
A
protract the scapula
6
Q
actions of the latissimus dorsi
A
adduct the arm, extend the arm
7
Q
actions of the frontalis
A
elevate the eyebrows
8
Q
actions of the deltoid
A
extend the arm, flex the arm, abduct the arm
9
Q
which muscle retracts the scapula
A
trapezius
10
Q
which muscles laterally rotate the arm
A
infraspinatus, teres minor
11
Q
actions of the subscapularis
A
medially rotate the arm
12
Q
actions of the orbicularis oculi
A
close the eyes
13
Q
actions of the teres major
A
adduct the arm, extend the arm
14
Q
actions of the trapezius
A
retract the scapula, elevate the scapula, depress the scapula
15
Q
which muscle laterally flexes the vertebral column
A
external abdominal oblique
16
Q
action performed by the masseter muscle
A
elevation of the mandible
17
Q
which muscles flex the vertebral column
A
external abdominal oblique, rectus abdominus
18
Q
action of the orbicularis oris?
A
close mouth
19
Q
which muscle flexes the head?
A
sternocleidomastoid
20
Q
which muscles abduct the arm
A
deltoid, supraspinatus
21
Q
structures found in skeletal muscle fiber
A
actin filaments, sarcoplasmic reticulum, sarcoplasm, myofilaments, gap junctions
22
Q
acetylcholinesterase is an important molecule in neuromuscular junctions because:
A
degrades acetylcholine, aids in relaxation
23
Q
the connective tissue that surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers
A
perimysium
24
Q
the sliding-theory of muscle contraction states that
A
sarcomeres shorten during contraction
25
the difference in charge across the plasma membrane of an unstimulated muscle cell is known as
the resting membrane potential
26
calcium ions diffuse into the cytoplasm surrounding the myofilament proteins from the ----------.
sarcoplasmic reticulum
27
the proteins that cover the active sites on the thin filaments and are responsible for regulating when a muscle can contract are
tropomyosin and troponin
28
define elasticity and why its important
elasticity gives muscles the ability to bounce back to their original shape after contraction or extension. this helps retain the shape of muscles and conserves energy since a muscle will return to its original shape passively and retain its optimum length
29
what is the role of ATP in muscle relaxation
ATP is the energy source for the calcium pump that removes calcium from the sarcoplasm and puts it back in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. sodium potassium pumps are required to return the muscle fiber to resting membrane potential
30
actions of the peroneus
evert the foot, plantar flex the foot
31
actions of the adductor magnus
adduct the thigh, extend the thigh
32
actions of the gracilis
adduct the thigh, flex the lower leg
33
actions of the gluteus maximus
extend the thigh, abduct the thigh, laterally rotate the thigh
34
actions of the coracobrachialis
flex the arm, adduct the arm
35
actions of the hamstring group
flex the lower leg, extend the thigh
36
actions of the tensor fasciae latae
flex the thigh, abduct the thigh
37
actions of the gastrocnemius
plantar flex the foot
38
actions of the extensor digiti minimi
extend 5th digit
39
action of the vastus lateralis
extend the lower leg
40
actions of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
abduct the hand, extend the hand
41
action of the extensor digitorum longus
dorsiflex the foot
42
action of the iliopsoas
flexion of the thigh
43
muscle that dorsiflex the foot
flexor digitorum longus
44
actions of the sartorius
flex thigh, abduct thigh, rotate thigh laterally
45
process that does NOT require oxygen and breaks down glucose to produce ATP
anaerobic respiration
46
smaller motor units would provide increased ------.
control
47
describe the relationship between the length of a muscle and the amount of tension or force it can generate
the shorter a muscle is, the more force it can generate
48
rigor mortis sets in due to the presence of available calcium within the fibers as well as a ------- of ATP
loss
49
protein that provides additional oxygen during the first few seconds of muscle activity is
myoglobin
50
the three stages of muscle contraction
latency, contraction, relaxation
51
the contraction phase is when tension increases as calcium binds to troponin thus exposing the active sites on actin allowing for myosin heads to bind and allow --------- to occur
cross bridging
52
how does wave summation increase muscle tension
in wave summation, greater muscle tension is achieved due to a second stimulus being applied to a motor unit before it has completed the relaxation phase.
53
not a major characteristic of muscle types
secretability
54
the -------- of the rhomboidus muscles are the spines of the vertebra and the ------------ of the rhomboidus muscles are the medial borders of the scapula
origin, insertion
55
contractile structure found within a muscle fiber
myofibril
56
which action is caused by a skeletal muscle
blinking of an eye
57
structures of a muscle from smallest to largest
sarcomere, myofibril, fiber, fascicle, whole muscle
58
T or F: the muscular system is responsible for the production and maintenance of calcium in the blood
FALSE
59
how does the muscular system help in thermoregulation?
contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles, piloerector muscles, constriction of smooth muscles of the cutaneous arteries, dilation of the smooth muscles of the cutaneous arteries
60
during each power stroke, a myosin filament acts as an --------- enzyme in order to access the energy needed to generate force during a contraction
ATPase
61
skeletal muscle fibers range in color from pale white to pink to deep red. the ------------- fibers are palest in color because of ----------- myoglobin proteins due to the fact that these fibers primarily rely on ------------------- respiration.
fast glycolitic, a lack of, anaerobic
62
contraction and relaxation of a single muscle fiber
muscle twitch
63
the process that does not require oxygen and breaks down glucose to produce ATP is ----- and produces ------ as a byproduct
anaerobic respiration, lactic acid
64
your breathing rate remains high for a period just after exercise due to
oxygen debt
65
the process that requires oxygen and breaks down glucose to produce ATP is
aerobic respiration
66
T or F: muscle fatigue is primarily caused by lactic acid build up within muscle fibers
FALSE
67
rigor mortis sets in due to ------------ of available calcium within the fibers as well as -------------- ATP.
the presence of, the loss of
68
oxygen storage molecule in muscle
myoglobin
69
the protein that provides additional oxygen during the first few seconds of muscle activity is
myoglobin
70
polysaccharide storage molecule in muscle
glycogen
71
by-product of anaerobic fermentation process
lactic acid
72
basic unit of contraction
sarcomere
73
chemical that causes muscle excitation
acetylcholine
74
energy molecule used by muscles
ATP
75
which muscle flexes the head
sternocleidomastoid
76
which action is performed by the extensor digiti minimi
extension of the pinky
77
which action is performed by the vastus lateralis muscle
extension of the lower leg
78
which action is performed by the brachialis muscle
flexion of the forearm
79
which action is performed by the brachioradialis muscle
flexion of the forearm
80
which action performed by the ilioipsoas muscle
flexion of the thigh
81
the connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers is the
endomysium
82
the connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle is the
epimysium
83
the ------------- surrounds bundles of muscle fibers, organizing them into ---------
perimysium, fascicles
84
the ------------ is found within a contractile structure called a ------- which is located within a muscle fiber
sarcomere, fascicle
85
--------- is located in an area called the ------- band.
myosin, a band
86
the membrane surface of a muscle fiber is called the ----------- and it extends deep into the sarcoplasm of the fiber at sites called ------------
sarcolemma, t-tubules
87
according to the sliding filament model of muscle contraction, a sarcomere will -------- when myosin slides over actin resulting in the Z-discs being ---------
shorten, closer together
88
a ------- can be partially contracted while a ------ only contracts according to the all or none rule
whole muscle, muscle fiber
89
myosin and actin are ---------- proteins, while troponin and tropomyosin are --------- proteins
contractile, regulatory
90
the acetylcholine receptor is an example of a
chemically gated channel
91
these take place during the relaxation phase of a muscle twitch
AChE degrades ACh in the synapse, calcium is pumped into SR, active sites become unavailable for cross bridge formation
92
which does NOT explain oxygen debt?
pumping calcium into the SR
93
autorhythmic, striated muscle
cardiac muscle
94
non-striated, mononucleate muscle
smooth muscle
95
striated, multinucleate muscle
skeletal muscle
96
muscle containing intercalated discs
cardiac muscle
97
muscle found in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels
smooth muscle
98
voluntary muscle
skeletal muscle
99
action performed by the pronator teres muscle
pronation of the forearm
100
explain wave frequency summation.
a twitch is a contraction of a cell followed by relaxation. during relaxation, calcium is pumped back into the SR. if another stimulation or excitation occurs before all of the calcium has been removed from the sytosol, then more calcium is released from the SR increasing the cytosolic concentration of calcium. more calcium means more exposed actin filaments, more exposed actin means more myosin binding and results in more contraction or more sarcomeres engaged. more contraction, or sustained contraction, results in more tension or force generated
101
reasons for muscle fatigue
depletion of ACh results in lack of excitation of muscle fiber, depletion of oxygen rich myoglobin decreases aerobic respiratory capacity, anaerobic respiration produces less ATP, depletion of glycogen stores decreases glucose availability for aerobic respiration, lack of ATP inhibits ability of myosin ATPase to bind and pull on actin- lactic acid is not a reason for muscle fatigue
102
skeletal muscle
multinucleated with many cells to make them long striated- sarcomeres are organized end to end and enable contraction, voluntary- under control of the CNS, lots of SR- for storing calcium
103
smooth muscle
has dense bodies- allow multidirectional contraction, invuluntary- able to respond to local stimuli
104
cardiac muscle
intercalated discs- contains gap junctions to enable quick communication and desmosomes to hold cells together, involuntary- able to respond to local stimuli, striated- sarcomeres are organized end to end to enable contraction, minimal SR-calcium comes from extracellular environment
