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Histology Block 1 > Review Block 1 (pt2) > Flashcards

Review Block 1 (pt2) Flashcards

1
Q

what inhibits IL-6?

A

leptin

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2
Q

adipose tissue in this area can produce IL-6?

A

intraperitoneal fat

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3
Q

what kind of cartilage is this?

A

hyaline cartilage

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4
Q

what kind of cartilage is this?

A

fibrocartilage

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5
Q

fibrocartilage has what kind of collagen? how does it stain?

A

type 1 and eosinophillic

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6
Q

what type of collagen is hyaline cartilage? how does it stain?

A

type 2, basophillic

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7
Q

what is the organic part of bone?

A

hydroxyapatite and canaliculi

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8
Q

what is the inorganic part of bone?

A

collagen type 1

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9
Q

how does skeletal muscle contract?

A

strong, quick, discontinuous, voluntary

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10
Q

how are cardiac muscle contraction?

A

strong, quick, continuous, involuntary

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11
Q

how are smooth muscle contractions?

A

slow, weak, involuntary

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12
Q

what holds skeletal cells together?

A

dystrophin

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13
Q

in what part of skeletal muscle are fibroblasts?

A

endomysium

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14
Q

what is this?

A

cardiac muscle

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15
Q

what is this?

A

skeletal muscle

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16
Q

what is this?

A

smooth muscle

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17
Q

what do we find in the M line? and in the I band?

A

myosin; actin

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18
Q

how does a skeletal contraction happen?

A

1) motor neuron releases ACh
2) ACh binds to receptor
3) Na channel opens, Na rushes out
4) Wave of depolarization in sarcolemma
5) wave passes into cell via T tubules
6) triggers release of Ca ++ from sarcoplasmic reticulum
7) Ca 2+ causes interactions between myosin and actin causing contraction
8) Ca 2+ gets pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum to stop contraction

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19
Q

where is dystrophin?

A

under skeletal muscle

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20
Q

why do duchenne and beckers happen?

A

mutation in dystrophin gene

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21
Q

what is the cardiac node that depolarizes fastest?

A

SA node because its the leakeast

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22
Q

What do sympathetics do to the contractions in the heart?

A

it increases them

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23
Q

What do para-sympathetics do to the contractions in the heart?

A

decreases them

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24
Q

why is the functional syncytium important in the heart?

A

because due to the intercalated disks, when one cell depolarizes the rest follow

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25
Q

do smooth muscle have striations?

what about t tubule system?

what creates a functional syncytium in smooth muscle cells?

A

no

no

gap junctions

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26
Q

what is myasthenia gravis?

A

when immune system blocks nicotinic ACh receptors and impede contractions

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27
Q

what can cause myasthenia gravis?

A

de-involuted thymus

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28
Q

how do you treat myasthenia gravis?

A

immuno suppresants and ACh esterase inhibitor

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29
Q

what is this?

what are basophillic part around nucleus?

A

neuron

nissle bodies

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30
Q

do neurons have, euchromatic or heterochromatic nucleus?

A

euchromatic

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31
Q

nissle bodies are mostly what organelle?

A

RER

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32
Q

what is the yellow stuff?

how does it increase?

how does it get there?

where can it be found mostly?

A

lipofuscin

with age

lysosomes dont degrade some stuff

neurons

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33
Q

what are the glial cells of the CNS?

A

1) Oligodendrocytes
2) Astocytes
3) Microglia

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34
Q

what is the function of Astrocytes?

and of Oligodendrocytes?

what about Microglia?

A

Astro = blood brain barrier; regulate environment

Oligo = myelination

Micro = macrophages; line ventricular system

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35
Q

what are the glial cells of PNS?

A

Schwann cells

Satellite cells

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36
Q

What do satellite cells do?

and schwann cells?

A

satellite = astrocytes; regulate environment

schwann = myelination

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37
Q

what is this?

A

astrocytes

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38
Q

How are astrocytes visualized?

What do they contain?

A

immunohistochemistry

GFAP

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39
Q

what type of junction does the blood brain barrier have?

A

tight junctions

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40
Q

what is this?

A

astrocyte

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41
Q

what is this?

A

astrocyte

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42
Q

what is this?

A

astrocyte

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43
Q

what is this?

is it in CNS or PNS?

A

oligodendrocyte

CNS

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44
Q

what is this?

A

microglia

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45
Q

what are these cells and what do they release?

A

ependymal cells releasing CSF

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46
Q

what are the small brown cells surrounding the pink ones?

A

satellite cells

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47
Q

what is the resting membrane potential?

A

-70mv

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48
Q

when do Na channels open?

A

at -40 mv

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49
Q

when do Na channels close?

A

50+mv

50
Q

when do K+ channels open?

A

+50mv

51
Q

when do K+ channels close?

A

-90mv

52
Q

when does a neuronal vesicle excreted?

A

when there is influx of Ca 2+

53
Q

what is Multiple Sclerosis?

A

demyelination disorder in CNS due to autoimmune attack of myelin

54
Q

what is this?

A

schwann cell

55
Q

in Parkinsons disease, what is there accumulation of? what does it lead to?

what is degraded, where?

A

alpha synuclein, leads to lewy bodies

dopamine in sustancia nigra

56
Q

what is this?

A

lewy body in Parkinsons

57
Q

where is the CSF?

A

in the subarachnoid space

58
Q

where does the CSF drain through?

A

arachnoid villi

59
Q

where is CSF produced?

A

ependymal cells of choroid villi

60
Q

where is this, autonomic or spinal ganglia?

A

this is autonomic

(its irregular and with lipofuscin)

61
Q

where is this, autonomic or dorsal root (spinal) ganglia?

A

dorsal root (spinal) ganglia

(perfectly round)

62
Q

what neurons can regenerate?

A

peripheral neurons

63
Q

ACh is neurotransmitter for?

A

preganglionic (nicotinic)

post-parasympathetic (muscarinic)

64
Q

Norepinephrine is neurotransmitter of?

A

post-sympathetic

65
Q

the adrenergic receptor: Nor-epinephrine alpha 1 does…?

A

vasoconstriction

sphincter contraction

dilate pupils

66
Q

the adrenergic receptor: epinephrine beta 1 does?

What about epinephrine beta 2?

A

increase cardiac output, release sweat

open airways

67
Q

what is this?

A

mammary gland

68
Q

breast cancer will come from what epithelium in mammary gland?

A

glandular epithelium

69
Q

What does thymus do?

A

remove self-reactive lymphocytes because they can cause a autoimmune response

70
Q

what cell of lymphatic system are produced in bone marrow?

A

all defensive cells

71
Q

what is this?

A

lymphocyte

72
Q

what is this?

A

lymphocyte

73
Q

what are the cells that come from B lymphocytes?

A
  1. Plasma cells
  2. Natural Killers
  3. Macrophages
74
Q

What are the cells of the lymphatic system?

A

T lymphocytes

CD 8 (cytotoxic cells) (MHC 1)

CD4 (helper cells) (MHC 2)

75
Q

what are the 5 antibodies? What do they do?

A
  1. Ig G - in blood
  2. Ig A - in secretions
  3. Ig M - in b cells
  4. Ig E - mast cell degranulation
  5. Ig D - b cell receptor
76
Q

What is this tissue?

A

thymus

77
Q

Where are T cells formed and eliminated?

A

thymus

78
Q

Where will there be weakness in myasthenia gravis?

A

eye muscles

79
Q

what cells does the respiratory epithelium have?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

80
Q

what cells do we find on the respiratory epithelium?

A

goblet cells

cilia

81
Q

What does the trachea have?

A

cartilage band

seromucous glands

linear epithelium

82
Q

what does the bronchus have?

A

cartilage segments

little smooth muscle

folded epithelium

83
Q

what does the bronchiole have?

A

folded epithelium

complete ring of smooth muscle

no cartilage

84
Q

what does terminal bronchiole have?

A

cuboidal epithelium

few goblet cells

clara cells

85
Q

which is the trachea and which is the esophagus? where is the cartilage?

A
86
Q

what is this?

A

bronchiole

87
Q

what is this?

A

terminal bronchiole

88
Q

what are these?

A

clara cells

89
Q

what do clara cells secrete?

A

surfactant

90
Q

Where is this and what are the pointer?

A

terminal bronchiole and pointers = clara cells bulging

91
Q

are clara cells ciliated?

A

no

92
Q

what are clara cells?

A

cells that produce surfactant (break down mucous)

detoxify the air

regulate inflammatory responses

93
Q

what are the two types of alveolar cells?

A

type 1 alveolar cells : allow gas exchange have tight junctions

type 2 alveolar cells: produce surfactant

94
Q

what is this?

A

type 2 alveolar cell

95
Q

wha tis this?

A

lamellar bodies of type 2 pneumocyte

96
Q

what is squamous metaplasia?

A

non cancerous

change in epithelial lining

smokers get it and vit. A deficiency

97
Q

lung cancer can be:

A

non small cell :

  • adenocarcinoma: serous mucous glands
  • squamous cell: bronchus, hollow center

small cell carcinoma:

  • highly metastatic
98
Q

what is respiratory distress syndrome?

A

lack of surfactant due to type 2 pneumocyte immatureness

(early babies)

99
Q

Cystic fibrosis, what is wrong?

A

chloride channel is defective

(youll spot salty sweat)

100
Q

whats wrong?

A

emphysema

101
Q

why does emphysema happen?

A

you have lack of alpha 1-AT

102
Q

what is pneumonia?

A

inflammed lung

capillaries become leaky(high number of neutrophils in alveoles)

103
Q

what is this?

A

pneumonia

104
Q

layers of the heart?

A

endocardium: simpel squamous

subendocardial- connective tissue (purkinje)

myocardium - cardiac musle

epicardium - visceral pericardum (simple cuboidal)

105
Q

what is this?

A

purkinje fiber

106
Q

heart valves have high amount of what?

A

elastin

107
Q

what is the top layer?

A

endomysium

108
Q

what are these?

A

arteries

109
Q

arteriioles have no?

A

internal elastic lamina

110
Q

what do arterioles do?

A

regulate flow to capillary bed

111
Q

what is the top and what is bottom?

A

top vein

bttom arteriole

112
Q

what are capillaries?

A

simpel tube of endothelium

place of exchange

have antithrombic function: prevent contact of platelet and collagen

113
Q

what are continuous capillaries?

A

have tight junctinon

114
Q

what are fenestrated capillaries?

A

allow greater exchange across endothelium

115
Q

what are sinusoids? where are they found?

A

are wider, discontinous,

found in bone marrow, spleen, liver

116
Q

vasoconstriction occurs when?

A

there is angiotensin

117
Q

what is plaque?

A

accumulation of foam cells

occurs due to fibrosis and calcification

can cause trombus

118
Q

how does endothelial activation occur?

A

adhesion of LDL receptor

can be caused due to bacteria

119
Q

normal endothelium does not trigger what?

A

clot formation

120
Q

injured endothelium triggers what?

A

release of prothrombotic agents

121
Q

what are the prothrombotic agents?

A

van willard

plasmilogen

122
Q

what is valvular diseas?

A

heart valve replaced with collagen causing calcification

Histology Block 1 (7 decks)

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