Revision 2

Question 1

What is altruism

Answer 1

Behaviour that benefits the recipient while potentially harming the actor

Question 2

Hamiltion’s rule

Answer 2

c < br

Question 3

Requirements for reciprocal altruism

Answer 3

1. Sociality between individuals
2. Helping individual is of similar ability (rank, size)

Question 4

2 key costs of group living

Answer 4

1. intra-group competition
2. increased vulnerability to infectious disease

Question 5

Resource Defense Hypothesis

Answer 5

Being in a group improved access to resources compared to being alone

Question 6

Predation Defense hypothesis

Answer 6

Being in a group offers better protection from predators

Question 7

Male biased dispersal

Answer 7

*Female resident
*Group is female bonded
*Cercopithecines (Baboons and Macaques)

Question 8

Female biased dispersal, plus an example

Answer 8

*Male resident
*non-female bonded
*Chimpanzees, red colobus

Question 9

both sex dispersal, plus an example

Answer 9

*neither sex is more resident or bonded
*Black and gold howlers
*Black and white colobus

Question 10

2 mechanisms leading to SS characteristics

Answer 10

1. Competition for mating partners
2. Mate Choice

Question 11

Fisherian runaway selection

Answer 11

Female choice favors a trait favored by NS

Question 12

SS traits

Answer 12

*Behavioural dispalys
*Acoustic displays
*Ornaments
*Weapons
*Plumage
*Skin colouration
*Chemical signals

Question 13

Frugivores

Answer 13

Spider monkey, Gibbons, red ruffed lemur

Question 14

Folivores

Answer 14

Howler monkey, colobus, indri

Question 15

Faunivores

Answer 15

Tarsier, marmosets

Question 16

Exudativores

Answer 16

Pygmy marmoset, galago, phaner lemurs

Question 17

omnivores

Answer 17

chimpanzee, human, capuchin

Question 18

Socio-ecological theory

Answer 18

predicts that primate social organization responds in predictable ways to food abundance, distribution, and quantity

Question 19

Dispersal-Egalitarian

Answer 19

*within-group contest: LOW
*between-group contest: LOW
*Female Philopatry: No

Question 20

Resident-Egalitarian

Answer 20

*within-group contest: LOW
*between-group contest: HIGH
*Female philopatry: Yes

Question 21

Resident-Nepotistic

Answer 21

*within-group contest: HIGH
*between-group contest: LOW
*Female philopatry: YES

Question 22

Resident-Nepotistic-Tolerant

Answer 22

*within-group contest: HIGH
*between-group contest: HIGH
*Female philopatry: Yes

Question 23

Matrilineal hierarchy

Answer 23

*Daughters inherit mother’s rank
*Stable

Question 24

Harassment

Answer 24

continually directing sexual solicitations and aggression towards reluctant females

Question 25

Intimidation

Answer 25

Aggression to receptive females

Question 26

Mate herding

Answer 26

Controlling female movements

Question 27

Patrilocal societies

Answer 27

*rank may be influenced by benefits of remaining with male kin *high rank = high reproductive success

Question 28

Alternative male strategies

Answer 28

*lower rank males forming coalitions *all male bands *sneak copulations *friendships