Revision Q's Flashcards
1
Q
The cell organelle which is the site responsible for protein synthesis is…
A
Ribosomes
2
Q
Negative feedback control systems are involved in the control of:
A
Body temperature
3
Q
Haemolysis may occur when a blood cell is placed into a…
A
Hypotonic solution
4
Q
In negative feedback control systems involved in homeostasis…
A
The effector tissue is often a muscle or gland
5
Q
Prokaryotic cells…
A
Lack a nucleus
6
Q
Extracellular fluid differs from intracellular fluid, in adults, in that its…
A
Volume is smaller
7
Q
Simple cuboidal epithelium is found…
A
In the thyroid gland
8
Q
Homeostasis…
A
Usually involves continuous activity of sensory receptors
9
Q
Relative to the elbow, the wrist is…
A
Distal
10
Q
The plasma membrane is freely permeable to:
A
Steroid hormones
11
Q
The three basic FIBRE types in connective tissue are…
A
Collagen, reticular and elastic
12
Q
Collagen is NOT present in the matrix of…
A
Blood
13
Q
During the depolarization of the nerve cell plasma membrane…
A
Sodium channels open and sodium ions moves in to the cell
14
Q
Name an endocrine gland
A
Adrenal gland
15
Q
The anterior pituitary gland…
A
Seretes ACTH
16
Q
Which hormone is responsible for the reabsorption of water only in the nephron?
A
ADH
17
Q
The cell membrane is…
A
More negatively charged than the exterior
18
Q
Regarding the autonomic nervous system…
A
The main neurotransmitter substance released at target organs of the parasympathetic nerves is acetylcholine
19
Q
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) will cause…
A
An increase in pupil diameter
20
Q
Thyroxine is an example of…
A
An amine hormone
21
Q
In the sympathetic nervous system…
A
The pre-ganglionic nerve fibres leave the spinal chord at thoraco-lumbar levels
22
Q
Arterial baroreceptors…
A
Increase their discharge rate when there is an increase in arterial blood pressure
23
Q
On the electrocardiogram (ECG)
A
There is normally no wave associated with atrial repolarisation
24
Q
Cardiac output is determined by…
A
Heart rate x stroke volume
25
How is Mean Cell Haemoglobin (MCH) calculated?
Haemoglobin concentration (g/l) of whole blood / red cell count
26
An increase in mean arterial blood pressure may result from...
An increase in cardiac output
27
What hormone stimulates red blood cell production and where is it released from?
Erythropoetin, is released in response to hypoxia from the kidneys
28
Homeostasis means...
Maintaining a stable internal environment
29
Chemical synapses in the nervous system...
Release neurotransmitter from pre-synaptic vesicles
30
Where is the primary sensory cortex located?
Parietal lobe
31
Which bone cells maintain the matrix?
Osteocytes
32
Which bone cells develop into osteoblasts?
Osteogenic stem cells
33
Which type of bone marrow can transfer back to produce RBC and why?
Yellow bone marrow, in the case of severe anaemia
34
Why does growth of bones halt in puberty?
During puberty, there is an increase in sex, growth and thyroid hormones that increase osteoblast formation and catch up with cartilage formation
35
During inspiration...
Pressure in alveoli is less than atmospheric pressure
36
The proximal tubule of the nephron...
Reabsorbs more sodium ions in the glomerular filtrate
37
The wall of the trachea possesses...
C shaped hyaline cartilage rings
38
Formation of HCO3 in systemic blood...
Result in formation of H+
39
Renin release...
Inhibits aldosterone release
40
ADH...
Makes the collecting ducts more permeable to water
41
What are the 2 functional parts of the somatic NS?
Motor and sensory
42
Striated muscle is found in the...
Diaphragm
43
Nociceptors...
Are sensitive to chemical substances released by damaged cells/tissue
44
Analgesic morphine...
Can cause respiratory depression
45
What is not a function of the skeleton?
Stores ion
46
NSAIDS are usually associated with...
Constipation
47
The shoulder joint...
Permits flexion, extension, adduction and abduction, circumduction and rotation
48
Osteoblasts...
Secrete osteoid, responsible for mineral deposition
49
Aspirin...
Is effective against mild pain
50
Skeletal muscle...
Is under voluntary control
51
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach is secreted from the...
Parietal cells
52
The layers of the digestive tract in the correct order, from the interior to outward are...
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
53
Glucagon is...
A hormone that increases blood glucose levels
54
What is an example of a micronutrients?
Minerals
55
Which hormone stimulates gastric motility and secretion?
Gastrin
56
Which class of lipoproteins removes the cholesterol from the blood and returns it to liver for elimination?
High density lipoproteins
57
Which is the mucous membrane that changes during menstrual cycle in response to hormones:...
Endometrium
58
Which cell is diploid?
Spermatogonia
59
Progesterone...
Levels increase substantially after ovulation
60
What is not an example of a non-specific defense?
Vaccination
61
The following pathway describes lymphatic flow ...
Capillaries, larger vessels, lymph nodes, larger vessels, thoracic duct, left subclavian vein, systemic circulation
62
Which cell is involved in the humoral response?
B cells
63
What is the role of the immune system?
To distinguish the host from everything foreign
To protect against infections
Battle against pathogens
64
What is innate immunity?
The natural non-specific defence mechanisms that come into play soon after an antigen has entered the body
65
What are the 3 cardinal characteristics of adaptive immune responses?
Memory, specificity, discrimination between self and non-self
66
What is the function of T-killer cells?
Kill virus infected cells
67
Which hormone stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids?
T3 and T4
68
Which hormone is responsible for lowering blood calcium levels?
Prolactin
69
Which hormone is responsible for lowering bone calcium levels?
Calcitonin
70
What is a ganglion?
A group of nerve cell bodies in the PNS
71
In neurotransmission, at the NMJ which two substances are involved?
Acetylcholine and calcium
72
What are myofibrils?
Long, protein rich structure, thin = actin, thick = myosin
73
What 2 elements are necessary for muscle contraction?
ATP and calcium
74
What destroys acetylcholine?
Acetylcholinesterase
75
The somatic PNS is...
Voluntary
76
Which bone forms part of the hard palate?
Maxillary bone
77
During the cough reflex...
Intra-abdominal pressure rises
78
Air inhaled through the mouth would be
Dirtier than air inhaled through the nose
79
What is a correct role of the plasma membrane?
Defines cell boundries
80
Anti-cancer drugs are likely to aim for which part of a cell?
Nucleus
81
What is the role of cholesterol in the cell?
Maintain fluidity of the cell
82
Oxytocin release in pregnancy is controlled by which feedback mechanism?
Positive feedback
83
What are the components of a negative feedback mechanism?
Receptor, coordinator, effector
84
What is the correct definition of osmolality?
Number of osmoles/kg of water
85
Water is being seen to leave a cell causing the cell to shrivel. What state is the cell in?
Hypertonic
86
Muscle cramps are caused by a deficiency of what electrolyte?
Calcium
87
The parasympathetic nervous system is part of which main nervous system?
Peripheral
88
Balance, posture and muscle tone is maintained by which part of the brain?
Cerebellum
89
Most spinal nerves are found in which section of the spine?
Thoracic
90
Which substance is found in the subarachnoid space?
CSF
91
Motor neuron disease is caused by the destruction of what cells?
Schwann cells, insulate and protect the nerve cells by creating a myelin sheath
92
Nervous signals from the receptors on the skin are carried to the spinal cord by which nerve?
Afferent nerves
93
Which neurotransmitter produced from glutamate that functions as an inhibitory molecule?
GABA
94
What is the substance that acts as a supportive network for the neurones?
Glia
95
A structure containing a number of cell bodies, typically linked by synapses is known as what?
Ganglion
96
When a threshold potential is reached, there will be an influx of which electrolyte?
Sodium
97
An action potential will only be achieved if a threshold voltage is reached. What is this response known as?
All or nothing
98
Sodium potassium pumps maintain a cells resting potential. Three of which electrolyte are pumped out by this pump?
Sodium
99
Which is the process by which neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft?
Exocytosis
100
Name a hormone that promotes growth
Human growth hormone
101
Name a hormone that maintains metabolism
Human growth hormone
102
Name a hormone that stimulates cortisol release
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
103
Name an essential hormone in pubertal development
Follicle stimulating hormone
104
Name a hormone that controls production of sex steroids
LH
105
Hormones are chemically classed into what 3 groups?
Peptides, amines and steroids
106
What is the correct name for a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood?
Endocrine
107
What is the name given to a hormone that stimulates the secretion of another hormone?
Trophic hormone
108
Which organ is responsible for the conversion of T4 to T3?
Kidney
109
A lack of vitamin D will result in a poor uptake of which electrolyte from food?
Calcium
110
Hormones that increase plasma Ca2+ concentrations are released from where?
Parathyroid gland
111
What is the name of the negative feedback process responsible for triggering the production of red blood cells?
Hypoxia
112
What causes haemorrhagic anaemia?
Sufficient red blood cell loss caused by major blood loss
113
A red blood cell with a mean corpuscular volume below 80FL is known as what?
Microcytic
114
A parasitic infection or allergy such as asthma, is usually accompanied by a rise in which type of white blood cell?
Eosinophils
115
Which step in blood clotting comes first?
Vasoconstriction
116
Which antigen would be found on the red blood cells of somebody who is Rhesus positive?
D
117
A clot is removed when fibrinolysis occurs. This process breaks down fibrin to soluble products that can be removed by phagocytosis. Which enzyme initiates this process?
Plasmin
118
Which of these processes will occur in a hypoglycaemic patient?
Gluconeogenesis
119
What is the name of the sac surrounding the heart?
Pericardium
120
Which vein empties oxygen rich blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart?
Pulmonary vein
121
Which of these words best describes cardiac muscle?
Autorhythmic
122
On an ECG, the QRS complex represents which part of a heart contraction?
Ventricular depolarisation
123
What is the name of the conducting fibres that cause ventricular contraction?
Purkinje fibres
124
Process that allows blood to be pumped into the ventricle from the top of the heart
Atrial depolarisation
125
Responsible for P wave on an ECG trace
Atrial depolarisation
126
Responsible for T wave on ECG
Ventricular repolarisation
127
The electrical activity that pumps blood out of the heart around the body
Ventricular depolarisation
128
What is the correct term for the volume of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle of the heart?
Cardiac output
129
What is the correct formula for calculating blood pressure?
Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
130
What part of the respiratory tract is responsible for providing a resonating chamber for speech sounds?
Pharynx
131
How many lobes are present in the right lung?
3
132
What is the volume measurement for air inhaled or exhaled in a single resting breath?
Resting tidal volume
133
By what method is carbon dioxide most abundantly transported by?
As bicarbonate (HCO3-_ ion in plasma
134
The partial pressure of O2 and percent O2 saturation curve will shift to the right in what circumstance?
Higher partial pressure of CO2
135
Respiratory acidosis occurs when the pH of the blood is below what value?
7.35
136
Which part of the urinary system is responsible for the production of vitamin D?
Kidney
137
Which part of the nephron is responsible for reducing the pressure of blood flow?
Glomerulus
138
Which hormone is responsible for increasing blood volume by stimulating sodium reabsorption in the nephron?
Aldosterone
139
Which endogenous substance stimulates a release of ADH?
Angiotensin II
140
Which part of the digestive tract has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
Pancreas
141
What substance is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates into disaccharides and trisaccahrides?
Pancreatic amylase
142
What is the role of the gall bladder?
Store and concentrate bile
143
A deficiency of which nutrient is likely to cause loose, poorly formed stool?
Fibre
144
What type of lipoproteins will transport cholesterol to the vessels?
Low density lipoproteins
145
Which vitamins is water soluble?
Vitamin C
146
Which of the statements below is true for vitamins?
Cannot be obtained from foods
147
Which type of muscle is small in length and made of spindle shaped cells with tapered ends?
Smooth muscle
148
76. What are the characteristics of type IIB muscle fibres?
Fast contraction, high force but low endurance
149
A tendon jerk reflex involves what components?
Spinal chord and muscle
150
What defence is part of the innate immune response?
Mucus
151
Which of the blow is a type of T cell?
CD4
152
Plasma cells manufacture and export large amounts of what immunity related substance?
Antibodies
153
What process is facilitated by antibodies?
Phagocytosis
154
What infection leads to the depletion of mature T lymphocytes?
HIV
155
What is the role of trypsin in the GI tract?
Released by pancreatic duct, activates pro-peptidases in the duodenum
156
What is the role of CCK in the GI tract?
Involved in bile release, stimulates contraction of gall bladder
157
What is the role of parietal cells in the stomach?
Secrete HCl, contain carbonic anhydrase
158
What is the role of saliva?
Initiates the digestion of carbohydrates
159
Role of HCl in GI tract?
Kills microbes eaten by food
160
By what process do oogenia turn to oocytes?
Meiosis
161
What is ovulation and when does it occur?
The release of an ovum, on day 14 of menstrual cycle
162
What is the name given to a mature follicle in the female reproductive system?
Graafian follicle
163
What do the remains of the ovulated follicle become?
Corpus luteum
164
What are the 3 layers of the uterus called?
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
165
Where is the primary sensory cortex located?
Parietal lobe
166
When a cell is bathed in a hypotonic solution...
Water moves into the cell
167
The antibodies found in the blood of a person with group O positive are...
anti-A and anti-B
168
During quiet inspiration...
Air enters the lungs until intrapulmonary pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure
169
Low density lipoproteins found in the plasma...
Transport cholesterol from liver to the tissues
170
How is child birth an example of positive feedback?
1. head of foetus pushes against cervix
2. nerve impulses from cervix transmitted to the brain
3. brain stimulates pituitary gland to release oxytocin
4. oxytocin carried in bloodstream to uterus
5. oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and pushed foetus towards cervix
171
What does proximal mean?
Directional term that means nearer to the point of attachment
172
What does lateral mean?
Structure further from the midline of the body
173
What is the only moveable bone of the skull?
Mandible
174
What are the 3 bones called in the middle ear?
Malleus, incus and stapes
